AP Human Geography Unit 3 Live Review! [Cultural Patterns and Processes]

0:03 [Music] Heat up here. [Music]

0:49 geographers. There we go. Full screen it. Yes, Mike. Good. Good. Check. Woo. Welcome to unit 3, day three. Woo! Man, it's good to be back. Same time, same place. Today we are reviewing unit 3 of AP Human Geography. Welcome to everyone across the world, across the country. Ah, it's a good one. We are going to be going into culture. Uh, so we're going to get into shoutouts in just a second, but by now you do know the drill. Make sure that you get the guided notes for this stream. Um, again, we are going over the CED. So, this is the stuff that we're going to be talking about. Introduction to culture, cultural landscape, uh, cultural patterns. These concepts are what you need to know. So, if you're looking at this, you're like, I don't really know what cultural relativism is or ethnosentrism. Uh, we

1:36 got to make sure that you get that down before we get to the AP test. So, this document is part of the free preview of the AP human geography ultimate review packet. Uh, this is the CD that we're looking at today. This is the content that College Board is going to test you on. Yes. Also, if you need to, here's the guided notes if you would like. Um, but if you want to take notes on your own, by all means, that is okay as well. So, let's get into the video. But first, best part, let's see where people are from. So, shout out uh in the chat. I'll pin some up there as some people are getting those guided notes. We'll get it started. We already got over 2,000 people here live. This is exciting. Woo. All right. What do we got? We got Illinois,

2:21 uh, New York, Texas, uh, Mr. Johnson from Florida, Illinois, Texas. A lot of Texas, a lot of Illinois, a lot of New York, Texas, Texas, Oregon. There we go. There we got a different one. Uh, Columbia, St. Pete, uh, Long Island, Texas, St. Paul, Minnesota. Represent represent Minnesota. Uh, Dallas, Texas, New York, Seattle, Tennessee, South Carolina, uh, Alaska, Georgia, Atlanta, uh, Virginia, Tennessee, um, on the road. All right. Hopefully, if you're not driving, uh, Iowa. Cool. We got people from all over South Carolina. Man, it's always cool seeing

3:09 um, where everybody is from. So, uh, welcome everyone. we are going to be getting started uh and we're going to be here we go talking about unit three today. So uh just like before the first part of this is all about culture we're going to go over the notes the second half is going to be um our cahoot. So actually to get us started just like yesterday what we're going to do is because I split this live stream so that way the people who didn't watch it live who just want the notes can watch just the video that has the notes. Uh so we film an intro for it. So this is the behind the scenes again. Uh got to think of our intro today. All right, geographers. Welcome to the unit 3 cultural patterns and processes recap of the live review. Now this part is just the notes. If you want check us out

3:56 live right now, we got over 2,450 people in the chat. It is awesome. We got people from all over the country. So make sure you check us out for unit 4 tomorrow at 700 p.m. Right now though, we're going to be going into the notes and we're looking here at culture. So, pretty exciting. Unit three of AP human geography. Let's get started. So, right off the bat, again, I'm going to try to get to the chat in a little bit. Uh, we'll do a lot of interaction like before, but I'm also at this point of the kind of live stream really focus on just going over the notes. So, right off the bat, culture we have to understand is pretty complex. Now, we have a couple different types of culture. We have material and nonmaterial. Let me know in the chat what's the difference between the two. So, I'll try to pin one of those there. And as you guys are trying to put what's the difference oops I

4:43 minimize that I have to be able to see it. Um so as you're trying to put the difference between material and nonmaterial culture I'm also going to talk about subculture. So realize culture is a variety of things. We're looking at music. We're looking at food. We're looking at clothing. We're looking at traditions and religions and languages. And we have overall a culture like your school. Your school has a culture for the entire building. Now there's also a subculture to it. So a group of people within this larger group or within a larger society who share distinct set of beliefs and values and practices. So for example, your AP human geography class probably has a subculture within the broader context of your school. I bet your class has its own inside jokes. Your class has its own

5:29 kind of feel. You have maybe even some traditions that you have. Um it has its own vibe. A subculture is below that larger cultural group. So um that would be the difference there. Uh let's see here we got for material culture physical things. Non-material would be things that are taught and practices. Uh non-material is based more on facts. Uh an example would be beliefs or artifacts. Yeah. So if we're looking at that um material is tangible, nonmaterial is intangible. Yeah. Yeah. So like material would be like your clothes that you're wearing um the different like physical things where non-material would be things like values, social norms, language, symbols, rituals and stuff like that. So make sure you just understand the basics there of these definitions for culture.

6:14 Now when it comes to culture, we have different perspectives and we'll put this one on the screen so if you need to see it, uh maybe it'll be a little easier to see. Uh these are the two that you want to make sure you have an understanding of and make sure you know the difference between these two. Uh again, we mentioned this yesterday. I'll quick cut back. Uh College Board knows that certain terms are similar and that students will mix them up. And so oftentimes you may see certain terms kind of put together on a test. So a question asking about ethnosentrism might have a possible answer that is cultural relativism. College Board isn't trying to trick you. They're just trying to see, do you really know what ethnosentrism is? So you have to make sure you have a good understanding of similar terms because if you see both of the terms and the definitions in a question, you want to make sure you know

7:01 exactly which one goes to which pair. So with cultural um relativism and ethnosentrism, realize we're looking at another culture. Ethnosentrism is this practice of we're analyzing judging a culture by our own perspective. I'm not trying to see from the perspective of the other individual. So, for example, you got this little cartoon down here. How do I get to the other side? What are you talking about? You are on the other side. This would be example of ethnosentrism. The chicken over here is looking through the chicken's perspective at this chicken. Um, they're not practicing cultural relativism. Cultural relativism, on the other hand, is when we're going to judge a culture by its own standards. Now, what that means essentially is you're not necessarily agreeing with the culture. You're not changing your point of view, but you're

7:47 just seeing it from their perspective. So, for example, maybe there's a student in your class who um is very different than how you would normally behave or act or has different ideas and values and you might not agree with those, but you can understand maybe okay well how was that student raised or what things might they be going through and you can put yourself in their position to try and understand that perspective. You're going to then view their actions through their standards, through their perspectives. So, that would be the difference there between ethnosentrism and cultural relativism. Again, make sure you got those two terms down um before you go and take the AP test. Now, the next part is a big thing and we've already mentioned it actually before in some of our earlier streams and it's the cultural landscape. Now, realize the cultural landscape is visible human

8:34 modifications of that natural environment. So in unit one we talked about environmental interactions and we talked about ways in which we modify the world and we modify our surroundings and cultural landscape is part of it and this is a big part that you want to make sure that you have practice before the AP test. So on the screen here we got some different images. These are different ways in which the cultural landscape has been modified to reflect culture. Um real quick in the chat anyone know what religion does this connect to and also what is this building? So, let's see if people can get that. And as people are putting that down in the chat, I want to point out a couple things when we're looking at the cultural landscape. So, realize whenever we're observing photos or whenever we're observing a

9:20 landscape here, we can see different aspects of society. I can gauge maybe economic development. I can gauge different cultural values. I could gauge the density um of how many people are maybe living in an area. And right there I connected there to multiple units. For example, here I can see um the the bricks and stuff that are used. Um the colors that the actually how compact everything is. Um these u houses are essentially built on top of each other shows that this is probably in a more densely populated area. The resources here things look a little weathered, maybe not as economically uh developed of a region. I can also see that the flat roofs and everything here. This is telling me that this is probably in a location that is a lot warmer, so closer

10:06 to the equator. Uh, compared up here where this roof, um, which is would be the style that we got in Minnesota, it's actually designed to keep warm air in. Like my roof in Minnesota, we got the nice little peak there. And that's because as the heat rises, we want to contain it. And that's because it's located, especially where I am, in a colder environment. So come winter, you want that house to keep the heat in. where if I got a flat roof, heat rises, hits the windows, and it goes out. You want it to escape the house because it's warmer. So, you want to reduce that. So, these are observations that we can make when we're looking at the cultural landscape. And we could also see too in this image over here, we have like agricultural practices, which would connect to unit 5. Uh we have religious things. Uh we have tourist spots. Even the types of buildings back here would show that this is definitely uh in the

10:52 close as well more kind of pop modern culture, this globalized culture. So, this is stuff you want to practice when you see an image um that you can kind of quick do in your mind of like, okay, quick observing. What am I noticing? What am I seeing? How do I kind of break down an image quick? All right. Uh what do we got? Couple people saying, "Can I keep the slides?" I'll try to keep the slides on longer if you're taking notes. So, I will try to do that. Um I just saw some ones. There's so many of the chats now. Um so people are saying Buddhism, Hinduism, Hindu. So right now what we're talking about is this image here. Uh it's not Buddhism, it is not Hinduism. It would be Sikhs, the Sikhs. And it is

11:37 the Golden Temple. So this would be one of our universalizing religions. We will talk a little bit more about the Sikhs and the Golden Temple later in the stream. Um but this would be an example of seekism. So this is the seikhs. That would be the golden temple there. So yep, seekism. Seekism. Um, if you said the other religions, no worries. So, a lot of people said Hinduism, some people said Islam, and a lot of people said Buddhism. That's why we're here to learn. We're here to practice and review. All right, let's go into some more vocab. I'll leave it on the screen so people can take notes. Um, one aspect of the cultural landscape that we can observe is sequent occupancy. And this is the impact that past cultures and societies, as we can see, have had on a geographic area. So, I have a picture of the Berlin Wall here. Um, we'll also talk about the Berlin Wall in unit 4. So

12:23 tomorrow when we look at relic boundaries um but this would be an example of sequent occupancy because past cultures are still shaping our society today. They've left a mark on our communities on our environment on the built landscape in our cultural landscapes. So sequin occupancy make sure you spend a little time just remembering what this term is. Sometimes students forget about this. It is in the CD. You want to make sure that you know it for the AP test. So we have this impact again of past cultures on our cultural landscape today. Couple other ones. Architecture is a lot of times students like quick blow by these and they forget to study them. Um there's three types that you want to be familiar with. So we can see traditional, modern, and post-modern architecture. Um this is just how

13:08 buildings are designed. So remember when you're studying traditional architecture generally reflects more of the cultural and historical characteristics of a society. Modern then kind of changed gears and now we focused on simplicity and functionality. And then postmodern came around because people started to realize, hey, there's kind of something nice about things not all being homogenized, not all being the exact same. We want to bring back some of that kind of historical reference and diversity to some of our buildings. So sometimes um places in the United States if people from other countries come to the US and they're going through some US towns and neighborhoods, they'll they'll kind of rip a little bit because a lot of ours uh neighborhoods are all these kind of they call cookie cutter neighborhoods where all the houses look the exact same. They don't reflect any unique cultural elements. So it's

13:56 different preferences there. These are the three do types of architecture that you want to be familiar with. So hopefully that helps with there. We're going to go on to the next one because these are just kind of vocab. So it's if you need more time on this slide, by all means, you can always go back um and look at that again. All right, next part is one that's already come up and it is land use. So realize that humans, we modify land for a variety of different reasons. And when we are observing land, we gain insight into what a society prioritizes, where their values are, um what type of economy they have, what jobs they might have. All these things revealed just from looking at how land is being used. If land's being allocated all to agricultural production that gives us insight about that society. So

14:41 remember with land use these are our different patterns that we have agricultural, recreational, commercial, residential, industrial, transportation. Um these are kind of the main ones that we have. I can move that down so you can see it better there. Um these would be ones to be familiar with. It's not like you're going to get a test question that's going to say like which of the following is not one of the forms of land use patterns. It's more of though when you're looking at images and stimuli components, can you understand how land is reflecting culture and how culture has influenced that land? Like for example, if we look at many US cities, we don't have a lot of public transportation. I mean, if you're in really large areas like Chicago or New York, um, then you're going to have a variety of like the subway, you'll have more bus stops, you'll have different

15:28 train stations and stuff. Um, but many US cities don't have as much there. It's more common for us to drive 30 minutes to work, 40 minutes to work. If we look at other societies around the world, that's actually very uncommon. People live a lot closer, or they're going to use more public transportation. So, these little things just give us insight into a society. And just remember land use is what we're looking at there. All right. Up next is culture and places. Now this is the next part of the unit. And remember place is made of two things. Anyone remember what place is made of. So I'll try to pin a comment. I will go back um all the way down. I realize I missed some super chats. I realized I missed some comments. I'll get to the super chats a little bit later and everything there. Um sitan

16:13 situation. I see people saying sight and situ situation are part of a place. But I'm looking for two other terms. Two other terms. Um site and situation are a factor. Maybe I should have uh reworded a little bit. Location would be part of it. Um physical landscape. So place is made up of the physical components, the physical characteristics. And there's one more as well. A sense of place does come. We're going to talk about sense of place in just a minute. Um it'd be Yep. physical, cultural, or the human aspect. So a place we have the physical components but we also have the human characteristics. So both of these end up creating a place. When we're looking at a place we're looking at the physical environment but we're also looking at like how many people are living there? What cultures are there? Um what is that

16:58 built landscape? Now one of the ways in which places are changed is through a concept called placemaking. So remember when studying placemaking this is a process of actually bringing a community together to transform this public area, so public space for different activities and the activities events generally end up unifying the community. Um, what would be a vocab term that we could use from unit 3 um and unit four as well? That would be something that pulls people together, that pulls people together. So, think about it for a second. Put it in the chat. I'll try to put some there. Um, but this would be placemaking. This process of a community coming together, they're transforming a public place. Yes. Centrial force. Centripal force. Um, centripal force.

17:44 So, P for pull. Anyone know the opposite? What would be something that pushes people apart? Or I shouldn't say push apart. Um, because we want to remember like that. P for pull. So, centrial forces unite and bring people together. Centrifugal forces. F force. We're forcing people away. Um, those would divide. So, yes, centrifugal forces will come up later in this course. Woo. Good job. Okay. So placem is stuff where we're transforming the space. Another concept that you want to know when it comes to place is a sense of place. And I saw people in the chat already talking about a sense of place. Realize a sense of place is this kind of emotional connection people get um with a specific area. Like you think about when you're driving back from a vacation back to your hometown, you feel at home

18:30 like it's familiar. Um you know the sounds, the smells, you know the looks, you know you you know where things are. It's this kind of perception a person has with a particular area and different places convey different amounts of like a sense of place. Like if you go to New York City, you're going to feel a very unique sense of place there. Um there's a lot of horns, there's a lot of traffic, there's a lot of people, there's tons of different cultures and languages. Um if you're in Time Square, you're going to notice it's really packed, it's loud, it's light, it doesn't really ever stop at night. All of these contribute to a sense of place. Now sometimes sometimes we don't have really that feeling of a sense of place and this would get into our next concept which would be placelessness. Now realize placelessness is when a place does not invoke any strong response from

19:17 an individual. Generally this happens because the place lacks unique characteristics. So that could be due to a variety of reasons. So for example some places in the US they don't necessarily have a strong sense of place. If you go through and you look at um if I just showed you like different pictures of towns, unless you're really good at geogesser, you probably couldn't tell the difference between them because we have a lot of now multinational corporations. The cultural landscape all looks the same. So, it's lost some of that unique characteristics, those historical things that made it unique and different. This would be placelessness. So, the place no longer has any like response from an individual. The other term that you want to be familiar with here is the built environment. So realize when we're looking at our environment and that cultural landscape, often times we're

20:04 talking about the built environment and these are human-made structures that shape that physical characteristics of a place. So again, a place is made up of human characteristics and physical characteristics. The built environment is what humans have modified and changed of that area and it creates that sense of place. It creates that cultural landscape. So have an idea of placemaking, sense of place, placelessness, and that built environment. Um those all could be on the test. All right. Uh some people are asking about the cahoot. Cahoot will be at the end. All right. Couple examples here. So you can see we have homogenized uniform cultural landscapes. Excuse me. I'm like the live streams are kind of taking it out of me a little bit. Um I've been starting to

20:49 get a little bit sick, but that's okay. Show goes on. All right. So, when we're looking at this, you can see this is what I was referencing before of like some of the neighborhoods. They all kind of look the same. The Chipotles, the McDonald's. Um, this would be a unique sense of place right here. Right away, this image, you can probably tell me right where it is. And that's because of that unique sense of place, that placemaking that's occurred, this environment, that built landscape that is so unique, um, that makes it stand out. And so, however, things like this, you probably have no idea where this Chipotle is. You might have a Chipotle like this right by you that looks very similar. Um same thing with the McDonald's or maybe even some houses. All of these things um create more of a homogeneized uniform landscape. And some people yesterday were asking what hum homogenized is.

21:36 It's just essentially everything's kind of the same. So realize you might see homogenized or uniform on the test. It's not necessarily directly in the CD, but these are other words that can sometimes pop up when we're describing different concepts. So, have an idea um with that. All right. If you do need more help with any of the cultural landscape stuff, by all means, uh you can check out the ultimate review packet. I actually made kind of a fourminute video and I just break down all these concepts and I just show you examples and it's all animated and stuff. So, it's highlighting the different components um to look for in images. So, that way you can better identify like sequent occupancy or a built landscape, all of that stuff. So, if you're interested, by all means, you can check it out. Um, but we're going to be going on to the next thing, which is

22:21 diffusion. Anyone know the two broad types of diffusion? So, we'll kind of engage with the chat again. Um, what do we got? The two broad types. I'm not looking at the specific ones yet. There's two main types. What do we got? It is relocation and expansion. Relocation and expansion. Uh, stimulus, diffusion, contagious. Those would be more of the subtypes. We'll talk about that in a second. But relocation and expansion. So realize with relocation diffusion, we have a physical movement occurring. Movement of a cultural group or a trait from one place to another place physically just moving. That's it. Don't overthink it. One of the thing that starts to happen with relocation diffusion as we well get in the frame. It's weird. It's all

23:07 mirrored on my side. Uh as we're going from this point to over here to this point, this origin point starts to shrink. it gets smaller because people are physically moving. The trait is physically going. Expansion diffusion on the other hand, remember it's like math. That origin point doesn't necessarily shrink. It actually just kind of grows. This is the spread of a cultural trait or a group of people from one place to another through persontoperson contact. So, we're adding more people. Relocation, we're not adding more people. We're just physically moving. So, remember those differences. Now, when it comes to diffusion, remember the different types of expansion diffusion, and I'll put them on the screen. So, this kind of helps out a little bit. We have contagious, hierarchical, reverse

23:53 hierarchical, and stimulus. These are ones you want to make sure you have an understanding of. All of these um could be on the AP test. There's a high probability. It's a big part of unit 3. It also connects into some of the other units as well. So remember contagious um I like to tell students like think about contagious diffusion like maybe your teacher did this in class. I would do it in mine where you'd start peeling like an orange. The smell of citrus would just diffuse through the room. Or if I just started making coffee in the room all of a sudden like that smell just diffuses through everyone. There's no barriers. It just diffuses throughout the area regardless of social class, power, structures, religion, any of that. That would be contagious diffusion. A lot of times people think of like viral videos.

24:40 Hierarchical diffusion is we have this topdown system. So we have this top down diffusion occurring. So for example like Apple has you have your CEO they're going to make decisions and they have their like board of directors then they go through down to like the managers eventually gets down to the workers. So diffusions happening through this like kind of pyramid. We have a power structure there. Not everyone gets it at once. Now reverse hierarchical is just the opposite. We start at the bottom, work our way up. Um, I believe pickle ball would be an example of reverse hierarchical diffusion. So like pickle ball started with like a family created it, then eventually they played it with some of their friends, they spread it through their town, then it went through their like community, then eventually got to bigger cities. Now it's gone national. So we start at a lower power structure. In this case, we're looking at like a family structure and like a

25:26 settlement, and then eventually made it up to like the national level. So reverse hierarchical, we started on the bottom, now we're on the top. Stimulus on the other hand, remember this is this idea or trait. As it's spreading, we see innovation and changes happening. Starbucks would be an example of that oftentimes or McDonald's for sure. McDonald's changes their menu depending on where they are in the world. They adapt to the different cultural practices and places that they're located in. And so that's stimulus diffusion. McDonald's is still McDonald's, but we can see it's a little bit different um depending on where you are in the world, what's on the menu, what the stores look like. Um, if you ever want to see some cool images, uh, look up like the different types or like the coolest McDonald's in the world. There's some really cool styles of McDonald's buildings around the world.

26:13 We don't have time to show them all now, but it is kind of cool to see. There's some really cool ones in like Korea and Japan um, that look like completely different than what we have in the US. Uh, if you do need help with the diffusion, of course, I got this quiz in there and I also have a video exclusive just on the types of diffusion. The quiz is looking at like you can see a screenshot here, different scenarios and then you're identifying the type of diffusion. The goal of this is hopefully to get you practice on being able to understand how to connect these types of diffusion to real world examples. Um so that way you're better prepared for that AP test. And all the quizzes do have uh explanations explaining why each answer is right or wrong. Um and then that video just breaks down some more stuff there. So if that helps you, by all means check it out. All right. Now, we're going to go into the next part, which is historical causes of

26:58 diffusion. The rest of um pretty well, not the rest because we have languages and um also the religions, but a lot of unit 3 is looking at the different aspects of diffusion and how it connects into all these different aspects of our life. And one part when we're looking at historical causes of diffusion, be familiar with like colonialism, imperialism, trade. Now, you don't have to memorize all the dates. You don't have to know all of the different colonies and things of that nature, but realize that those led to diffusion and there's different ways in which they led to diffusion. Sometimes it was through relocation diffusion um where we saw people physically moving from one place to another. For example, as colonies were being set up. Then as they got there, we would see expansion diffusion happen. This is why it's important on the AP test to always read the prompt,

27:44 the scenario, whatever you're looking at, whatever question you have, because depending on the context, we might be focusing on a different aspect. So, that's just important to understand. Um, like for example, um, well, we'll get into it in just a second. We're going to actually connect into some different examples in a little bit, but all right, couple things with though historical causes. Be familiar with a langua that can come up on the test. This is one of the vocab terms. Remember that's a language that's more commonly used um between different people who speak different languages. So it's a language that's commonly used for as a means of communication between people who speak different languages. Anyone know uh lingua frana? An example of one. So put one out there. What do we got? Let's see. English. Yes, English

28:32 would be a lingua franka. Part of that is also because of colonization. Like the sun never set on the British Empire. it expanded all over and it diffused the language of English and so a lot of people speak English today. Um, another term you want to be familiar with is creoleization. So creoleization this is when different cultures come together and we start mixing and this creates new cultural practices, new languages and identities. Now traditionally this is connected always to colonization. So be aware of that. If you see creoleization generally you're going to see something with colonization. So we have different cultures coming together and mix and that's creating something new. We have some new cultural practice or language or identity that is formed. Um the other term that you might see Yeah. So some

29:17 people are saying Haitian Creole. Yes, that would connect. Swahili that would connect. Those would be examples of creoleization. So can we quick actually? Yes. There we go. Give the credit to the people who are pointing it out there. Awesome. English for trade. Yes, that is also a thing with lingua frana. Um, yeah, you could also connect it into globalization stuff with unit 4, even unit 7 as well. So, great connections there. That's one of the cool thing as we get through this course, you really start to get to see how everything connects together. Now, one other term that's not necessarily specifically in the CD, but I do want to just point it out um because it has come up before is a diaspora. This is just the dispersion of any group of people from their original homeland. And most of the time,

30:03 pretty much all the time, it's due to forced migration. So for example, like the Atlantic slave trade would create a diaspora where we have people who have been taken from their homeland. They're no longer located there. They've been forced out. So we have this force migration that has happened. So if you see diaspora, that's what it's referencing. Um sometimes it does come up with historical causes of diffusion um due to different past events. All right. Um yes, we are gonna go on to the next thing. Um I saw like some questions in the chat. I was trying to see is someone's saying like is it worth memorizing? Um you can if you want you can definitely like spend some time on diaspora. It's not that big of a complex word. It's not directly in the CD so you're not going to have like a direct question on it. Um but just in the past

30:50 I've noticed it gets connected to things so it can't hurt for sure to understand that. All right. Now, speeding up to more modern day where we're looking at contemporary causes of diffusion. And we can put a little graphic, get some AI art back on the screen. Everybody loves it or hates it, one of the two. But, uh, contemporary causes, we're looking at globalization, urbanization, technological advancements, the military, political and economic relationships. Realize that all of this stuff can lead to diffusion today. Right now, all of you are experiencing diffusion. Um whether you realize it or not, um I would guess that most of you are not from Minnesota. Um as great of a state it is, I would bet most of you are not. Just from reading the text or the text, the chat, we have a lot of people

31:35 from Texas. We have a lot of people from New York. Um those seem to be the two biggest ones. So right here is diffusion. Due to the internet, due to technology, I'm able to talk to all of you and we have the diffusion of ideas. Um you're all interacting in the chat for better or for worse. um hopefully for better, but you're interacting with other people. We have diffusion of ideas again. So realize that technology has a huge impact today. Um especially social media and this globalized world we live in. All of this stuff has led to more and more diffusion. Um which is great because it allows for new goods to come. It allows for new ideas. It allows for more prosperity. Um, it also highlights too, which is interesting enough, when we're looking at the world, particularly areas that maybe have more

32:21 dictatorships, it leads to people realizing, oh, maybe my way of life, my government isn't doing good, and I can start to get information about what's happening in other places, and that can lead to things like devolution, which we'll talk about in unit four, or democratization, which again we'll talk about in unit four. So, these concepts of contemporary diffusion come back up later in this course as well. All right, going on to the next thing. We have two terms you want to be familiar with. One is cultural convergence. Just realize this is a process that cultures become more similar over time. Generally, it in occurs due to globalization, increased interactions, close proximity of different groups, um the closer people are over a period of time, they start to um become more and more similar. We take

33:07 on cultural traits without necessarily even realizing it. um even the classmates in your class throughout this school year, you've probably bonded with some of them. You've probably started to pick up different mannerisms or um maybe even by watching different videos, for example, even these videos. Um maybe you started to pick up different ways that I say words that are a little bit different. So, cultural convergence happens this process in which cultures are becoming more similar over time. And this is the opposite of our next term, which is cultural divergence. This is where different cultures become more distinct. So we have this like kind of divide happening. Oftentimes this happens due to like separation. So for example, if there's physical separation between different places that can actually lead to um groups to start

33:55 forming different perspectives and cultures um and can strengthen unique cultural identities, beliefs and practices and sometimes that can lead to um different tensions. So, for example, if we want to connect, I feel like I'm connecting a lot in unit 4, but we're going to do it again. Um, we can look at the Basque people. They're kind of isolated by a mountain range in Spain. That has allowed their culture to become more and more unique and maintain a lot of their elements. And so, they've actually been still having self-determination um and have been seeking trying to get their own state. Um, that would be an example of cultural divergence. If we want to go back all the way um to when America was just the colonies that separation by the ocean, we eventually became more and more unique. We had our own culture there, cultural divergence. So this happens

34:41 generally um because of this division and cultures become more distinct over time. So realize the difference between divergence and convergence. It definitely could be on the test. All right, cool. Some people saying the Basks. What about the Basks? the Kurds. We will go into all of those for more tomorrow. I'm just trying to connect into the other units to hopefully give you a better idea um on how these concepts all connect. And that's the cool thing of this course. And the more you can make those connections in your mind, like when you're studying and you can connect to other units, easier the AP test will be. All right, the next part we have is the religions. So, take a second. What is this religion right here? This isn't a universalizing one. um what would be

35:27 this religion? What would be also um a significant place or like a house of worship for this religion? So remember when we're talking about I got a bunch of people I say Christianity Christianity this would be Christianity um yes uh Jesus would be a big part of this one the church that would be the house of worship that is correct um so different symbolisms that we can see in the cultural landscape so you do not have to memorize I want to point out when you're looking at studying the religions don't worry about studying every single disciple or prophet or all of the different historical events. There's a lot of them. Focus on where the religions originated from. Focus on understanding that place of worship. You

36:13 can focus on like a brief description of the faith, but also focus mainly on the diffusion and how it impacts the cultural landscape. So those are the important parts to kind of focus here. Remember too, and we'll put the next one up. So take a second. What religion is this? Also, what is the house of worship? Um but with these universalizing religions, these are all examples of universalizing religions. These are religions that are actually seeking to appeal to all people. They're going to expand. They want to spread their teachings and beliefs to as many people as possible. Uh yes. So we have Islam. Islam. It is Islam and that would be a mosque. Correct. Correct. Um not Hinduism, not Buddhism. Nope. It is Islam. Um and it would be a mosque. That

36:58 would be um significant. Um the house of worships there. Um all right, next one. Here we have another universalizing religion. What do we got? What do we got also? What is the kind of house of worship or the the significant spot? Uh Buddhism. So yes, it is Buddhism. Buddhism. Buddhism. Anyone know what would be a significant? Uh we got a temple. All right. Anyone know what the temple? There's a name for it. Starts with a P. Temple. Buddhism. Buddhism. Temple. Temple. Yeah, there we go. This is the first one I saw. Dino Nuggets. All right. Way to go, Dino Nuggets. Yes. Uh, Pagota. So, that'd be a significant um

37:44 place of worship there. All right. Our last universalizing religion. So, what do we got? Remember, so far we've had Christianity, we've had Islam, and we've had Buddhism. This is our last example of a universalizing religion and it is Sikhs. It is the Sikhs. So yes, this is Sikism. Um the Sikhs are different from um Islam. So don't make that mistake. So they are different there. And this would be the Golden Temple. So Sikism and the Golden Temple. So again, all of these are universalizing religions. All of these religions are seeking to expand and gain followers. Again, when we're studying them, focus on the way they interact with the cultural landscape. Focus on understanding where they originated. Focus on understanding how

38:30 they diffused. And then if you want also like a brief description of some of like the cultural traits or like um the overview of the faith, but don't worry about going through like all of the historical events or all of the different prophets. In this class, we're looking at how places interact, how people interact, how they interact with the environment. It's not a history class. So if you take eventually like AP worlds, then you'll be going more into all of that stuff where you're focusing on the dates. This class is not focused on the dates. All right. The other type of religions you want to be familiar with are ethnic religions. So ethnic religions. Anyone have an idea what this would be? What do we got? So yes, this would be Hinduism. Yes. So Hinduism. Um Hinduism. Yes. So, Hinduism for ethnic

39:17 religions, um, places of worship, we have the temple there. There's variety of different other places too that are specific to the faith. Um, anyone know for this ethnic religion, there's only two ethnic religions, which is nice. So, we only have two ethnic ones. Um, Judaism. Yes, Judaism. Correct. Correct. Uh, and for house of worship, anyone know what do we got? All right. Um, it would be a synagogue. Well, stonewall there. Yes. Uh, it would be a synagogue. Correct. Yes. That would be the house of worship. All right. So, again, these are the only religions you have to worry about. You do not have to worry about studying all the different religions in the world. So, save your

40:03 time. Uh, you don't have to worry about memorizing every single event about them. Focus on the universalizing and ethnic religions and then those specific ones. Those are the ones that are in the CD, the course exam description, and those are the ones that could be on the AP test. All right, we're getting down there at the end of this unit. The other part though is language. Now, we're not going to go into all the language family and trees just for time sake. We've already been going for 40 minutes, so I'm trying to make sure we're efficient there. Um, but when we're looking at this, um, isogloss is one thing that you'll want to be familiar with. This is a vocab term that connects into language, and this would be a boundary. So we'll talk more about boundaries in unit four but an isogloass is one that is defined by linguistic differences. Now oftentimes inside an icelosass we'll

40:51 have a dialect. Now a lot of people comment on my dialect. U these are regional variances that occur in a form of language and generally it's based on the local culture. So for example, many your teacher maybe your teacher has noticed um or you've noticed uh like when we get to unit five and I say agriculture which I realize I think I'm saying now a a egg egg wait anyways it always sounds like when I'm saying it like egg like agriculture um I know also too like when I'm talking if I'm going to talk about milk if I'm not like consciously thinking about it it'll sound like milk. So that would be forms of dialect. Um, one of these times it' be fun to actually make a video of people saying different things. Some people are saying, "Thank you, Brandon, is saying you're I'm famous for that." So, yes. I Well, there you go. I When I

41:37 worked at the Mall of America, we had people that came from all over the world and they always thought that when they got here that motans would we would talk a very specific way. They're always surprised. They always thought we were like Canadians. So, we'd get a lot of people um who would be like, "Oh, I thought you'd talk like, "Oh, hello there. Welcome to Minnesota. Don't you know?" Oh boy, do we got some great food for you. You can come get some nice good old tomatoes. We got those tomatoes and we also got that cornbread and you know those casserles. Oh, it gets a little chilly here, but we don't talk like that. So, fun fact in case you didn't know. Um, yes. All right, we'll go into the next thing. Irish accent. Stop the yap. You're on a live review. Welcome to the rap the yap. I'll deal with it. Um, but

42:26 other parts that we have, everyone's the same there. Lock it in. Lock it in. Okay. Okay. We've gotten off track there. Um, other times that we need to or concepts you need to know with language. Um, is endangered and dead language. That could also come up. So, if we're connecting back to some of the vocab, uh, endangered, just think of endangered species, endangered animal, there's a risk of it, uh, disappearing except for instead of animals, we're talking about language. Generally this happens because over time as globalization has occurred as we've seen the diffusion of technology it promotes uh more English it promotes more of a homogenized culture and so these folk cultures or traditional cultures start to get replaced and eventually as the older generation dies off the newer generation was more interested in global culture. um they lose the translations

43:13 there and those practices and that would then lead to a dead language, a language that is no longer spoken as native uh by any community. So that those would be the concepts to have an idea of there. Hopefully that helped. Um let's see here. Okay, cool. I was going to sneeze, I thought, but I'm not. Okay, we're good. All right. Um if you do need more help with any of the languages, I realize I didn't go into all the language families. I did put like a cheat sheet in here for the language families looking at the origin points and stuff and then like some little things to help uh there is also a quiz that's just identifying where they are. So if you want you can definitely check those out. Um it's in the ultimate review packet if that'll help you out there. Cool. We're almost done. We're at the

43:58 very end of this uh presentation. Then we're going to switch over to the wonderful cahoot. Um remember we've already talked about these centripal and centrifugal forces. Definitely definitely definitely know these concepts. They come up in multiple units. Um centripal forces, think about it's pulling people together. The P for pull. It's pulling people together. Centrifugal, the F for force. We're forcing people apart. And so different things can cause this to happen. Um depending on what's going on society and culture, um this will kind of shift between the two. So just realize that sometimes even actually negative events. So like some people said like 911 they were talking about in the chat um that would actually be a centrial force for

44:45 the United States. As horrific of an event as it was, it brought the country together. It united people. Um, centrifugal forces again, for example, countries that have a lot of different languages and people can't understand each other. They can't communicate well. That could lead to more centrifugal forces because people will get pushed apart. So, there's a ton of different examples um that if you want, we could go over later, but for time, we're not going to go over them all. Now, very last things that we have um that I want to talk about. I'm going to put these on the on the screen here. These terms, make sure you have an idea of um this also could connect into unit two as well. Um perfect timing. Some people asking, can you explain assimilation? Yes. Yes, we can. Bathroom

45:33 break. Good luck. Don't fall in. All right. Back to you. Uh remember with assimilation we're talking about this individual or group of people and they're just adopting that cultural norms the practice of the dominant group in society. Historically we have also seen forced assimilation. Yesterday in the cahoot we talked about Native American boarding schools. That would be forced assimilation because these boarding schools were created to take indigenous people um and actually get them to forget their culture. They focused on the kids. They couldn't wear their cultural clothes. They couldn't speak their language, often had to get haircuts, and they were trying to force them to assimilate to Indo-Uropean culture, into the American culture, American as in like the United States,

46:19 um, not Native Americans, but that would be the force assimilation. So, there could be forced, but it can also happen naturally as well. Now, this is different than a culturation. This is when a culture is going to take certain traits of another one. The original culture is not shot or sorry, I quick like looked over. I saw a shout out on the chat. as it's like flying by. But the original culture is not lost. That's what I meant to say. Um, this is different than synretatism, which is when we have two or more cultures actually evolve and they change kind of over time. Um, they're not merging though. So, they still remain uh distinct cultures. We're not losing the two cultures. And multiculturalism, again, society here, we have a lot of diversity um and they coexist kind of within. Uh

47:05 some people are asking like synratism and creoleization for different aspects of that. Uh remember with synretatism, synretatism is referring to um this merging of different religions, cultures, these schools of thoughts, all this stuff that we've kind of looked as religious in these cultural contexts. Um they're blending different beliefs together and then they're coming out of that is these new traditions. So a whole new kind of cohesive culture. So synretatism often can happen when a lot of diverse cultures um come into contact together and they find this common ground. Then we have this result of this kind of hybrid um culture forming. Creoleization on the other hand again often connects back to colonization. Um

47:51 generally that one's focused more linguistically. So cultures blending occurring in different regions. We have a lot of diverse people there come into contact again through that colonization sometimes slavery or trade as well. Um this term actually connects back to like Creole languages which some people mentioned earlier in the chat. So that one would focus there. Over time that process has started to include other aspects of culture such as like cuisine like so food and music um and social norms. But that'd be kind of the difference there that we're looking at. All right. Um, again, if you're interested, don't forget if you want more practice, check out the Exam Slayer. Uh, it's got 80 multiple choice questions, FRQs. Um, it's got the highlight video where I go over like the big topics, vocab, um, and a ton of

48:37 different things for, and I'm trying to get the cahoot up uh, for the actual unit and test prep. So, everything in the exam slayer is all about test prep. Ultimate review packet is all about learning. All right, we're going to get into the cahoot now. So, we're going to get that set up. If you're watching us, uh, quick, got to do my outro for the YouTube peoples. So, if you were just watching us on YouTube, thank you so much for watching. As always, I'm Mr. Sin. Don't forget to check out tomorrow for unit 4 at 7 PM Central time. Thank you so much. Till next time, I'll see you online. All right. All right, let's go over to the cahoot for the people in the chat. Um, real quick, if you're in the Discord server, this helps with like making sure it

49:23 doesn't crash. I'm going to post the cahoot right now. Three. All right. So, if you're in the Discord server there, you can see there's the code. So, the Discord server, it's free to join. We have over 22,000 people in it. Um, actually, the last couple of days, you'll see on the top, they've also been doing Q&A with a bunch of students in there. So, if you're interested, check out the Discord server. It's a cool place to be. Okay. Um, let's get our Cahoot game up. All

50:09 right, there we go. Holy cow. Do we want the music on or off? Can you guys hear the music? I don't even know. All right, here we go. I'm going to now get into the chat a lot more. All righty. Question. My mic cut out at the end of there. Oh, shoot. Well, that's awkward for the people who were not here live. Alrighty, question one. Here we go. All

50:58 right. Um Okay. um catching up on some of the super chats. Um shout out to Miss Toast Toax uh first hour. I apologize. Um pronunciation, like I said, is not my strong suit. So, I really apologize, but thank you for being an amazing teacher. Um and thank you for the shout out. All right. Yes, cultural divergence. So, again, divergence. We're splitting apart. The Mory and the Mori. This connects actually back to Jared Diamond Guns Germ Steel which promoted more environmental determinism. Uh you don't have to know the book name. You don't have to know the author. Um but they

51:44 split physically which led to eventually cultural divergence there. Remember those people who put convergence that would be the cultures are coming together. They're merging more into one. All right, let's see here. Here we go. Our leaderboard. The fabulous Gator in the lead only by one point. Very close game. Um, all right. Uh, shout out to, uh, Dr. Spires. Fourth period. Wish him luck against beating Mr. Robinson in scores. Good luck. You've got this. Um, shout out um, shout out and happy birthday to Miss Falco. Happy birthday, Miss Falco. Um, let's see here.

52:34 getting through the shout outs now. Um, hey Mr. Nin, thank you for being a goat. Uh, can you shout out Mr. uh, Mcgurick in Louisiana as well as uh, Mr. Rowan and Simma and Nitten? Um, question mark. Uh, thanks for these reviews. Also, Brawl Stars live stream win. Um, I would love to do gaming streams again. So, that would be actually a lot of fun to do some gaming streams. Yes, McDonald's. Remember, things change over time. You can see it right there. That'd be stimulus diffusion. Um, it's all shifting as they diffuse. McDonald's is still the same, but it has changed. I did not forget. I did not forget. Um, uh, let's see

53:21 it. Shout out to Mr. Ragland. Can you say scratch it? Okay, scratch it. Uh, all right. What we got? Okay, switching back there. Saying yes, Miss Falco is the goat. Congrats, Miss Falco. Uh, you are the goat. People are yelling out blue Marvel rivals. Uh, it would be fun. Let's see. Woo. Yes. All right. Cool. Majority of people are getting these so far, which is awesome. again, global culture, more homogenized, things become more uniform as it continues to spread, which can lead then to cultural convergence.

54:07 All right, make sure to to post some questions if you have questions. Um, I want to be able to make sure I can help you out there. Um, so here we go. We have some of the religions. Put the religions down. Yes. So when we're looking at it, we have Islam, we're going down Christianity, Judaism, and then

54:53 Buddhism. So again, here we're just observing cultural landscape. We're looking at different houses of worship, significant places in the faith, um, and then connecting it into the different cultures. There we go. The silver ant in first place. Um, and also correction, it is Miss uh, Solakis. Miss Solakis. Okay. I apologize uh for butchering the pronunciation there. All right, let's go on to the next question. Uh what are examples of lingua frana? That would be English. Um creole could be swuahili. That could also be an example of

55:40 creization. Let's see. Um some people are saying what is this? Oh shoot. The comment is gone. It's something about FRQs. Just going to try to get to it. Um, welcome back. Third day. Shout out there to Miss Baxter, uh, or sorry, Miss Barker, uh, from Westside High in Houston, Texas. So, shout out. Thank you for coming. Three days in a row, hanging out with us, learning AP human geography. And yes, it'll be relocation diffusion. Again, context is going to matter again when it comes to diffusion. So, generally originally, most of them did diffuse through relocation. Now however once that had occurred eventually we also saw expansion

56:26 diffusion happen as well. Um so realize the context of the question does matter that can change the type of diffusion. So always read the stimulus always read the context that's provided on the AP test. All right silver ant still in the lead. Here we go. Question six coming up. All right, someone just asked um shout out to Mr. McDonald's third hour class and wants to know would I ever come to Kansas to arm wrestle uh Mr. McDonald? Uh I I don't think I would win. I don't know your teacher, but I

57:12 have a feeling they would beat me. So, um it'd be cool to to see your class and to meet your teacher. Um but I I don't know about an arm wrestle but all right here we go. Yes, majority here. This would be multiculturalism. If we start to see like assimilation, remember we are taking on um the dominant culture going to kind of lose our own acculturation. We're going to take some aspects synchronism too. We have kind of a blending that is occurring. Alrighty here we go. Next one. Silver ant still in the lead. Which of the following would not be a characteristic of global culture? What do we got? Um, some people again asking about

57:59 creoleization and synretatism. Excuse me. Uh, so remember creoleization generally is going to be connecting back to colonization. Uh, synretatism is when two or more cultures are evolving. They're changing over time in a similar manner but are remaining culturally distinct. Um where creation generally is going to see a new I forgot that I had this view. What's going on with my hair? Whatever. Um creization is going to be colonization where I generally will see a new language and stuff form from it through like this trade and these aspects uh that are occurring. So like the Creole language down south in the United States came from colonization created an entire new creole language

58:44 through again colonization and that diffusion there. All right and yes which is would not be so this is a not question characteristic global culture isolated would definitely not be global um and it would be more focused on like urban areas things that see diffusion. All right, up next we have our next question. Uh, where to find the CD? I believe I have the CD linked in the description of this video, so you should be able to find it. Otherwise, type in Google AP Human Geography CD. It'll pop up right away and you can go to it. Uh, or if you want, I also put in the ultimate review packet. It's in the free preview right at the top of the packet. So, there's that free 30-day review

59:29 guide and I actually took the CD and I broke it apart uh into a Google or it's a PDF so you can actually see everything just laid out and there's a spot for you to take notes. So, if that's easier for you, instead of reading through the whole CD, you can just go to the ultimate review packet or the ultimate exam slayer. Both of them at the top have that free 30-day like um review guide that has a document for each unit breaking down the concepts that you need to study for um all the different topics there. So that's in there and that stuff's free if you want. It's part of that free preview. All right. Which one is being displayed in the image below seeing this relocation diffusion. So we can also see it's happening kind of step migration here. Um concept from unit two. So this process over time origin point our hearth here is shrinking. It's moving

1:00:15 over as the Mormons go through and eventually go to Utah. All right. Not a lot of changes in the leaderboard. We'll see what happens. How can I go from a two to a four? Step one, realize that you are not at a two yet. Uh the AP test has not happened. Anything is possible. I had a student in my class. She got an F on her first unit one test. Um on the multiple choice, she got a D and the the F FRQs. Completely bombed it. She got an F and she ended up becoming one of the best students that I have ever had. She got five on the national exam. And it's just through studying and practicing and not giving up. If you're taking maybe we'll just wait quick for this to be done because I feel like a lot of people are in this

1:01:02 like kind of stage. If you're taking a practice exam right now and it doesn't go well, don't get discouraged. Seriously, the best thing you can do is if you're not doing well, honestly, it's almost more helpful because what you need to do now is look at what you got wrong. figure out what units that your stuff connects to. So like if I got questions five, six, and eight all wrong, what units do they connect to? Go study those units. Review the weak spots that you have. Then go back and take another test and see how you improved. And if if it still didn't go well, that's okay. You've got time, geographers. That's the best part right now. You're here right now. You're studying. You can do this. You need to have confidence. I'm not trying to plug

1:01:48 this stuff again. That's why in the exams layer I have it where when you finish a test it tells you exactly where it is. You don't need to get it. You can also you do it on your own if you want. Um but take tests, take practice tests, see what you got wrong. Figure out your weak spots. Don't get discouraged. Then go and review um and focus on that. Before you know it, you'll continue to improve. All of you are smart and capable. you're doing things that other students in your class, um, in your grade, they're not doing. They're not taking AP classes. It's harder. Regardless of what people say online about easy APs or hard APs, any AP is harder than a normal class. You're taking a risk in a challenge. And be confident and happy in yourself. And at the end of the day, honestly, it's it's just a test. Don't let it define you.

1:02:35 All right, I will end the little pep talk or whatever right now. Um, we'll go back to all this stuff, but I you got to

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