Recap From The Unit 5 Live Stream! (No Kahoot- Just Notes)

0:00 Okay, so for those of you who are joining us on YouTube, you missed the live stream or you're re-watching, so props to you there. But today we're looking at unit five and we are reviewing agriculture. So all of the fun stuff we're talking here about farm practices. Don't forget we also have some live streams this weekend on Saturday and Sunday and then two live streams on Monday as well. So without further ado, let's get into it. Starting off where we're looking at where some crops originated in the chat. A bunch of people with the the agriculture. I had a feeling that that one would be good. Yeah, the eggs. Yes, eggs. Poultry. Um, but in the CD, what we're looking at here, we're talking about where a lot of crops originated. That hearth there. I

0:46 wouldn't spend too much time like studying and memorizing all these things. You could have a general idea about a couple maybe from each region. Uh but you don't need to have this should not be the bulk of your study. There's a lot more other things that you need to be focusing on instead. And really what we're looking here is how different crops are produced in areas that have certain site uh factors. So remember site and situation. Um we're looking at site things that are like it's with the absolute location stuff that originates there. Situation is talking about more relative. So, connections between different places. So, um make sure you don't mix those two up on the actual test. Now, for agriculture, one of the things, see, now that I had did the egg thing, I'm going to keep I can now hear myself saying

1:33 agriculture, which in the past I couldn't, so I'm all messed up, but that's fine. Um, two big types of farming that you need to be familiar with is intensive and extensive. And these are going to come up throughout this unit. So, make sure you have a good understanding with these. Remember, intensive farming. This is going to use less land. It's going to use more capital. Capital could be money. It could be machinery. Capital. We're looking at production stuff. Oftentimes, too, we're going to see labor as well a little bit higher here. And traditionally, these are located intensive farming is located closer to population centers. Uh, and part of that's because of the types of products that it's making. Some of those are more perishable. So transportation costs are higher then they use less land. So

2:19 they're going to locate near some urban areas or some of these markets uh because it'll actually save money there. Where extensive farming is going to be farther away from that market. Generally what we see is a lot more land is used here. So located farther away from population centers. It uses more land, less labor, less capital. So it's a little bit easier there to produce. You don't need as much resources there. Um, and the big thing that again, they're located farther away. So, don't mix up intensive and extensive. They come up multiple times throughout this unit. Uh, so you want to make sure those make sense for you. All right. Now, with intensive farming, these are the different types that you want to be familiar with. Um, some people are

3:05 saying about Von Tunin. Uh, yes, intensive and extensive will connect into Von Tunin's model there. So, uh, that'll connect back. But these are the different types you want to be familiar with. You can see the definitions on the screen here. We're looking at plantation agriculture, mixed crop and livestock, market gardening. Uh one thing to note, generally plantation agriculture is located in less economically developed areas. So countries that are in the periphery that semi-p periphery um a lot of times too the production there is actually for core countries. So more economically developed countries. So a lot of their products are all shipped out. They're exports there and they're imported into uh more economically developed countries that can afford those goods. And the reason why plantation agriculture is used is

3:50 because of the cheaper labor there. So it reduces those costs. Market gardening also I want to just kind of quick highlight um the truck farming it's because of the preservatives um and these different growing seasons. So they're located generally like if we're looking at the United States in the southeastern part um just because of the climate there. Um, but you can then ship that stuff across the entire country. So that's why it's sometimes known as truck farming. Um, we're just starting to get into spring in Minnesota. We have been able to buy tomatoes all year, even though you're definitely not growing any tomatoes or strawberries here. Um, and they all look like they're fresh, but it's because they are being shipped out. There is a lot of different um, processes that now go into our food uh, that either make it grow and kind of ripen as it's being shipped um, or preserve it there. So, uh that would be

4:37 for these intensive things. Again, just highlighting market gardening there a little bit more. And then plantation as well. Uh for mixed crop and livestock, one thing you could remember is one advantage there. It kind of helps disperse some of the work and the income throughout the year um for the farmers. All right. Next term that you want to be familiar with is cash crop. Realize that these are crops that are grown for sale. So, they're not going to be consumed um by the farmer. you are intentionally producing these to make money. Uh and later we're going to talk about like global distribution of food production. We're going to talk about some agricultural challenges. Uh cash crops are some of the things um that we see happen in some of these less economically developed areas. Farmers have been turning more to cash crops for

5:22 export so to ship them out to other countries because they can get more money. Now, the issue is some of these areas already have some food shortages and now you're taking arable land. Remember, arable land. Anyone know what arable land is? I'll quick pin it there um in the chat in a second there. Um but arable land is now being diverted to produce these cash crops instead of food for the local community. So, it's been putting more pressure on some of that land that is farmable. Arable land is farmland. Land that is fertile. Yes. That you can farm on. Yes. Yes. Awesome. Awesome. Suitable for cultivation. I like that one. That one works. Yes. Fertile soil. Awesome. Yes. Cool. Awesome. Great job, chat. So, trying to just connect into other concepts already

6:09 for um our unit here. Now, the next ones are extensive farming practices. So, again, there's a couple different types that you want to be familiar with. I'll put it on full screen so you can kind of see there. These are the ones you want to spend a little bit of time just reviewing. Um, one thing with shifting cultivation realize that you could also have kind of slash and burn connected to this slash and burn agriculture would be when you're actually going to you cut down the trees. You can kind of see an image of it right I'll put the laser point on right here. You'd like cut down all of the brush that you don't need. You're going to burn it. That's going to put more nutrients back into the soil. Then you would then continue to u grow your crops there. Eventually the land the nutrients would get taken off. You're going to rotate. you'd identify a new plot of land. Uh, one thing with

6:55 nomadic hurting. So, remember the other day people were asking about like sedentary versus nomads uh or sorry um ver well yeah nomadic and sedentary uh with nomadic hurting. So these are people who are moving. It's a form of pastoral nomadism where they're moving with their livestock. Uh but they're not just like randomly going anywhere they want. Generally they have kind of an area or a territory that they kind of stay in. they move with the food source and water sources there. Um, and that's practiced mainly in areas where a sedentary agriculture just is impossible. Now, remember sedentary is talking about agriculture uh that's going to stay in one spot. So, for example, a farmer planting corn, it's not going to keep moving land every year. He's going to keep planting in the same spot year after year. Where no

7:41 matter hering, you will move around. So, that'd be some of the difference uh there. Uh with ranching generally a lot of times we can see uh sorry people are saying put the all of the wonderful notes back up. Uh with ranching a lot of times we see it in actually more economically developed areas. Um again it's going to be located farther away. All of these are extensive. So none of these are going to be located near a market. None of these are going to be located near an urban area. And the reason why again is because of the amount of land it takes. And so to save costs, they actually have it farther away, which then reduces the cost of land. Um, some of these, for example, ranching, it used to be, um, where transportation costs, you'd think, oh, like meat is really expensive to transport. You have to keep it

8:27 refrigerated. Um, or it's very heavy, too. Well, you can just have the animals walk to the slaughterhouse. So, that would reduce the transportation cost for it. Um, obviously things are done different now. Um, but originally, yeah, that was one of the things. Uh some people are asking about transhumans. Remember transhumans is a form of migration. Um kind of similar there where you're migrating between high and low lands. So that one though is focused specifically on the seasons. So the migration with transhumans migrations is connected to those seasonal. It's a a cyclical migration. So that's connecting to unit 2. It does deal with livestock where nomatic hurting you're kind of continuously uh moving there. It's not necessarily just between the highlands and the lowlands. So that'd be some of the differences there. um between it. All right. Um cool. We're going to be

9:13 going to the next thing. Um I realize some people want the notes probably a little bit more. If you do need it more, uh you can always pause the video and then try to recatch up or you can always watch it a little bit later as well. All right, let's go on to our next part. Uh and two terms. I'll just leave it up here so people can see it. These are just two terms I want to make sure that people were kind of familiar with. Follow. This is generally referencing when we're looking actually at like slash and burn agriculture or shifting cultivation. Um, this is when you're going to leave land intentionally not cultivated. You're not going to plant anything. You're going to let it just rest and that allows nutrients to come back into the soil. It allows the fertility to come back and then down the road eventually you'd start planting again. Yield, remember,

9:59 yield is always just talking about the agricultural production. We're looking at how much we're producing in a specific area. So this is what we are looking at for a specific area there. All right, cool. Going on to our next things which are going to be settlement patterns. So settlement patterns. Anyone know the three settlement patterns that you want to be familiar with? Let me know in the chat and I'll try to mark it. Um we've actually already talked about these before, so we're not going to spend too much time on it. Um but there is three of them. Three that we got. Let's see. Let's see. Yes. Clustered, linear, and dispersed. Clustered, linear, and dispersed. Uh, clustered, linear, and dispersed. Yes. Yes. Yes. Awesome. Yes. So, a bunch of people are getting them. Remember, clustered people

10:45 are going to be packed together. So, this would be like a settlement. Very little space between the different buildings. Um, we could also use it to describe different practices or objects in the area. Dispersed. We're going to have a lot of space between the buildings or space between the different activities. Um, and then linear things are going to be arranged in kind of a line. Um, and linear can also connect into long lots, which we're going to talk about in just a second as well. So, settlement patterns come back here. So, realize that's going to keep popping up throughout all of these different units. Um, and again, understanding what cluster, dispersed, and linear mean, that's generally a little bit easier. Um, but understand how that impacts like if it's a clustered settlement, we're going to see that resources, um, depending on which type here we're

11:30 looking at. Like if you're talking about like agricultural production, if we're talking about a settlement that's very clustered, densely populated, so it's an urban area, they're going to have to bring more food in, but they're also the people living there are going to have more access to different services, economic opportunities, and business. Uh, a dispersed settlement, you're going to have to travel farther for that. So linear settlements generally they're going to be linear along a road um railroads or a river. So for transportation. So one of the things when we're looking at these is to actually try and see like how do these impact the people that live there? How do they shape what's going on um with society and the individuals that reside there. All right cool. So for the next thing here we are going to be into long lots meets and bounds and township and

12:16 range. And these are the survey methods. So these are the only three you need. Long lot, remember we have this narrow parcel of land. Think about a linear settlement there. And generally it's connected to like a waterway. Originally used to be really popular in Europe. Um um we also see like the French like Louisiana, Quebec, there's some as well. Um just due to like colonization and stuff of that nature where they settled. But long lots were used so that way everyone had access to the waterway so you could then ship out your products. You could export things or you could get new goods in. Now the other one is meets and bounds. That's our second one. Meats and bounds remember is this boundary where we're basing it off of the different landmarks in the area. So again this one was popular in England.

13:01 We actually saw a lot with the 13 colonies but this would be like um I'm creating the boundary. I'm like, "Okay, my boundary goes from like my house to this big oak tree over here, um, all the way down to like the river and then back. So, like that will be my land." So, it's a little bit messier there, but that would be meats and bounds. The last one that you need to know is township and range. Um, and this was originally used in the United States. If you ever fly over the Midwest, you're going to see this um very clearly. You're going to see all of these different um gridlike patterns that form. So, this is a survey method that creates this grid pattern. It's generally using longitude latitude here. It creates these rectangles. So that'd be township and range. It makes it really easy to sell land or to identify who owns what because everything is clearly organized.

13:47 So now what we're going to do is see who is paying attention uh and identify. So let me know what do we got here? Identify the survey method. What do we have? What do we have? Take a second. Put it down in the chat. All right. Uh, long lot. Yes, this would be a long lot. Long lots. Long lots. Linear. Long lots. Correct. Correct. This would be a long lot. All right. What about the next one? What do we got? What do we got? Here we go. What do we got? All right. Um, real quick, um, I just now I'm looking at the chat saw. Um, thank you

14:32 Paddington. Um, shout out to uh Mr. or Mrs. I don't know you didn't say there but Robin the goat. So shout out to Robin the goat. Um, thank you for much for being an awesome teacher and I'm glad that this is your favorite unit. So cool. All right. This would be long lot. Yes, not meets and bounds. So some people are saying meets and bounds. This would be long lots. One of the things to notice, we got this oxbow here with the river. Um, so this is the bend, but all these are kind of connected there. We have these strips coming off. All right. What about this one? What do we got? What do we have here? Identify the survey method. Here we go. All right. Township and range. Town. Not meets and bounds. Township and range. Township and range. Correct. Correct. Awesome. All right. Those are

15:20 the survey methods. Those are the settlement patterns. Hopefully nothing like too complex there. Um, right now we've talked about a lot of vocab. There is a lot of vocab in this unit. So hopefully these things are making sense. All right. What we're going to start to shift into though is looking at some of the revolutions. We're going to look at some also the the hearths here or the origin points. Now, one of the things we realize when looking at this um again, do you need to memorize every single one of these like crops where they originated from? Um you definitely can if you would like. I'm not saying that's the best use of your time though. So, one of the things to think about like the AP test is on all seven units. So, realistically, you're only going to get like one or two questions on each like

16:06 kind of topic. Um, because they're going to try to assess you each unit is 12 to 17% of the test. So, you want to right now since we're getting closer to the end of this exam or end of the study period where we're getting closer to the exam, you want to focus on the things that like you can get lock in those easy points there. So, this is really looking here. One of the things I want to highlight is the fertile crescent would be where we have our first agricultural revolution. So this would be a bigger component. Um and the first one there eventually what we start to see is one component of this unit is how things diffused. So remember diffusion we're looking at the spread. We talked about that in unit three in our live review. This is referencing the Columbian exchange. This is in the CED. You do not have to know all the dates of the Columbian exchange, but you do want to

16:51 have an idea that this is one of the ways in which crops were exchanged between the new world and the old world. And it wasn't just crops. It wasn't just livestock. Unfortunately, it was also disease. Um it was other products. Eventually, it turned into the triangular trade and unfortunately we saw um the transfer of enslaved people. Um so it continued to change over time. Um but realize that a lot of diffusion happens through trade. A lot of diffusion happens through persontoperson contact. So we have relocation diffusion, we have contagious diffusion, expansion diffusion that can occur. Uh the Columbian exchange, some of the things that you could have realized like the potato came from the new world. It went to the um old world which would be considered Europe there. Um and that actually revolutionized a lot of different places. The potato actually

17:37 allowed for a population boom to happen in England uh because it was so easy to grow and it was so easy to be able to produce that it allowed for the population to actually start to increase because it made food more prevalent. So we can see it connects into unit two and then we can see eventually we started to see more colonization there. So we can see unit four and now we're talking about unit five and then eventually more people went to the cities and we saw more factories opening up where we saw the secondary sector start to take off. Now we're starting to get into the second agricultural revolution and unit seven. So all these things start to connect. So just wanted to highlight that Columbian exchange want to have a little bit idea of but I don't think you need to memorize all the different products that are traded uh between these but just realize some of these things are um positives and negative

18:25 consequences. All right, first agricultural revolution also referenced as the Neolithic Revolution. Again, realize this is starting where we're just starting to like settle down. So, we're moving from nomadic life to sedentary life. And this is this transition that's occurring and kind of happens by accident. Originally, just throwing seeds away. Um, not in a trash can or anything, but dirt. And they realize, oh, stuff's growing. Now, all of a sudden, let's start cultivating crops. And, okay, now we're able to actually produce crops here. We don't need to keep moving with all of our different livestock. Um, and then we started to see society take off. The first agricultural revolution allowed for modern day society. Once we can have a food surplus, now we're all of a sudden able to have different social hierarchies. Uh some people are asking what is sedentary? So, uh sedentary, one

19:11 of the things here we're looking at we're no longer like moving. We're staying in one location. Like you your house is sedentary. If you if you own your house, if you're living there, you're probably living there for more than a day or two. You're not moving around. So sedentary, we're staying in one spot. Nomadic, you would be moving. So before the first agricultural revolution, people would be nomads. They would travel with um in kind of bands of people and then they would follow the food sources. So sedentary, we're allowed to stay now in one spot. All right, going on to our second agricultural revolution. Whoops, almost closed it down. We're good. Uh second agricultural revolution. Realize this is where the industrial revolution starts to happen as well. This is where we start to see a lot of innovations happen. We're going to get the enclosure movement. We're now

19:58 going to start to see um increase in our product production. This leads to more mechanized farming that's able to happen. We start to see new things like the seed drill and threshing machines. And all of this starts to really change how society operates. And so one of the things too, if we want to, we could connect even back to Mouthus. Mouthus did not realize these agricultural revolutions would happen and the impact that they would have. So Mouthus was really worried of like overpopulation occurring. Um he believed again if we connect back to it that food production's arithmetic and so arithmetic would be it continues there. Population he believed was this exponential growth. It was just going to shoot up and eventually we'd hit this crossroads where we'd have a Malthusian catastrophe. Um our agricultural revolution showed that wasn't the case

20:44 especially when we get to the green revolution which we'll talk about in a second there. So with the second agricultural revolution, one of the things that I mentioned is the enclosure movement. So the enclosure movement here is where we started to see this communal land that originally existed. So before we saw a lot of subsistence agriculture, people weren't necessarily making a big profit or anything. Um but over time all of a sudden people started to see, hey, we can make more money now instead of just having these common pasture areas. let's close this off. We're going to have private land ownership. We'll start to take care of it. Uh and now we can start to actually create more money. The reason why this started to happen is because of all these inventions inventions. Um and this also impacted

21:31 cities. This led to a lot of farmers getting kicked off the land and getting pushed to urban areas. So we saw more rural to urban migration again too. That led into more factory jobs. That secondary sector started to grow. And so we're connecting to unit 7 now. So that changed a lot of different things. That changed the social components because people were working longer. It um at the time we started to see that more people were actually having like children working as well. So that impacted family dynamics. Economics had impacted. So have an idea with the second agricultural revolution connected into unit 2. It helps to have that understanding there. The enclosure movement was part of it. again too when we're talking here about our agricultural revolution specifically with the second anyone know what stage

22:18 of the demographic transition model we could connect to. So we're looking at the industrial revolution right now and that second agricultural revolution. What stage? What stage? Um no there was no GMOs in the second agricultural revolution. So no GMOs. Uh yes stage two. Some people are saying stage three. It's not stage three. Stage two. So it's not stage three. It's not stage four. um it would be stage two. So stage two, stage two. Um yes. So remember when today there's no countries in stage one and that's due to the industrial revolution and the medical revolution. Those two transferred societies over. All right, cool. How are we feeling about the first two? First two agricultural revolutions were doing good. Yes. All right. Some people are

23:05 still saying the stages there. Um cool. Good. I'm seeing people are good, good, good. I went too fast on two. Are there hybrid seeds? Hybrid seeds are going to start to happen with stage, well, not stage three, sorry, with the green revolution. Um, one person was asking about the tragedy of the commons. Um, it's technically not in the CED. The tragedy of the commons is really like when you have a communal space. Um, people are become incentivized to almost abuse it and not take care of it. Um, great example, think of Halloween. You come up to a house, there's a bowl of candy there. It says take one. How many pieces are you taking? Are you

23:50 taking one or are you taking more? And are you taking more because you're like, well, if I don't take more, someone else will just take more, so I might as well take more. And that's kind of the tragedy of the commons. People start to be like, well, if I don't do it, someone else will do it. So, they start to take more there. Um may Okay, some people are saying they're just going to take one. That's great. So, that would be the tragedy of the commons. Uh with the enclosure movement, that's one of the reasons why yields went up is because when private ownership happened with land and farmers owned that area, they were then incentivized to make sure they took care of their land because it was theirs. And so they continued to then produce food um to help them out when it was communally owned. So before that second agricultural revolution um maybe farmers are overg grazing, people are bringing it there. They weren't

24:36 necessarily incentivized because if it didn't work well, if things went south, they didn't impact them. It wasn't theirs. So that'd be kind of connecting into the tragedy of the commons and when we're talking about the enclosure movement. All right, with the green revolution going on to our next one here, the big characteristics, we have this big increase in agricultural production and it's due to high yield crop varieties, these hybrid seeds that are being produced. With this, we saw also chemical ferti fertilizers, pesticides, some modern irrigation. We're starting to see um also more mechanization. We got Norman Borlo here. He's known as the father of the green revolutions uh of the green revolution. He is credited for saving like a billion lives um because of his work with the semi- dwarf uh

25:21 wheat variety there that changed Mexico and India and countries around the world. So this would be the green revolution. This one if you get like an FRQ asking about mouthus and like what countered it green revolution for sure. This showed that our food production was not arithmetic that we could actually produce a lot more food. So the focus of the green revolution hybrid seeds we're looking at fertilizers. We're looking at pesticides. We're starting to see some more mechanization, some irrigation techniques. That would be the green revolution. Down the road after the green revolution, eventually you get into like GMOs and stuff, but the green revolution, the focus there is on those hybrid seeds. So, Norman Borlo, he would be uh kind of the the the person who started it all. All right, for just to recap, remember fertilizers, this is a

26:06 chemical or natural substance. So, there could be a chemical fertilizer or a natural fertilizer. Um, but this is where it's increasing the fertility of the soil to help grow plants faster and larger. Pesticides, that's used to get rid of different organisms um that are going to uh impact our plants there or animals. So, we're destroying insects there. And then a herbicide is going to be get rid of unwanted vegetation. So, for example, uh if we're looking here at weeds and things of that nature. So, uh hopefully this helps for just understanding real quick what these are. Um, some people are asking about hybrid seeds. That's when you're using crossbreeding um to try and get desirable traits. So, we're trying to take different variations of plants. Um, like with the semi-warf variants, they

26:52 try to get like they would grow actually in more aid climates. Um, so that way that they could grow in some of these areas where it was more difficult to get irrigation to. Then eventually like they started growing higher and the stocks started breaking. So, they had to get more crossfeeding to try and make it so the stocks could actually withheld um the crops there. Cool. Going on to our next component here. Um, some consequences of the green revolution. So, there is a variety of consequences. We talked about some of the benefits there. Um, some consequences though is environmental degradation. We started seeing more fertilizers being used, more pesticides particular, more chemical ones. We also started to see water depletion. So, irrigation is great. Um, but we also started to see more and more water being

27:38 uh removed from different areas. Um, I think in one of my videos I talked about like the RLC, the Soviet Union, where they diverted some of the rivers that fed into it, um, for agricultural production and it ended up drying up the sea, which then completely destroyed local communities that depended on that sea for irrigation. So, they were using it for irrigation. However, there was unintended consequences um that destroyed local communities and people's way of lives. The other thing that you could see too, we also start to see a loss of agricultural biodiversity. So we start to see more and more people planting the same things. So this would be known as more monocropping. So we're starting to not have as many varieties of different food produced. Um and that's because it's more efficient for farmers. We'll talk more about that in just a little bit. The other consequence

28:23 that comes from it is also economic dependence. So we started to see eventually larger companies eventually start to come because of the green revolution down the road they start to come more and more. Um and also more periphery and semi-p periphery countries become dependent on core countries that have more access to capital and access to some of these things now that are requiring to get these higher yields like the increased machinery costs and the different chemical fertilizers and things of that nature. So those could be some consequences to be aware of. Um hopefully that kind of helps for that. Um yes, agro businesses kind of come after there. So those continue to keep coming up over and over. descertification. That could be a concept that we are going to talk about later um when we're talking about um the

29:09 different things of consequences of just agricultural techniques in general. So, if you do need any more help, I actually made three practice quizzes, one for each of the different agricultural revolutions. There's 10 questions each. They also have explanations that like break down each answer. So, if you want, you can check that out. Um that is in the ultimate review packet. So, if you're struggling there, by all means, check it out. Um this is looking at economic development. So periphery, we'll we'll definitely talk more about this in unit seven. Um that would be the least economically developed country. Semi-p periphery would be more kind of in the middleish. And then a core country is generally the most economically developed. And this connects into the world system theory from unit 7. So I'm just trying to use some of the terms to show how these things connect between the different units. All right. Um I already saw some

29:56 people talking about it, but they're asking about monocropping. Monocropping is the practice of cultivating one single crop year after year. We're just producing the same thing there. We're not seeing a lot of variety um in our production. And you might be thinking, well, like why would people do this? The simple answer is it's more profitable. If I can mass-produce one crop, that's going to cut down my costs. I don't have to get different variations and stuff. I can just buy one type of seed. I have all the equipment that I need for that one particular crop. So, it allows for more profit to be done. Now the downside is it's also going to take the same nutrients out of the ground. So it could put more stress on my ecosystem there on my land. Biod diversity. So monocropping would go against biodiversity. This is the variety of living things in a particular area. So if we're looking at

30:42 agricultural biodiversity, we're generally talking about the amount of products or crops sorry that are being raised, grown, produced. Um that would be the focus there. So uh hopefully that helps for those All right, next two terms, subsistence and commercial agriculture. Have an idea of these. Um, have an idea there. Subsistence, remember, we're producing just for ourselves, for the family, the local community. We're not trying to sell stuff. Commercial, we are actually then producing to make money and profit. So, have an idea on that. So these are things that could come up on the test um for a variety of different ways. It

31:29 could also connect into intensive and extensive. So have an idea there as well. Again, remember intensive production is always going to be closer to that urban area. Extensive is going to be farther away, urban area or market. So um just realize that these terms could get interchangeably used. All right, we got a bunch of vocab here. I'll make it full screen so you can see the stuff here. Um, one of the things largecale commercial agriculture remember here we're looking at these like bigger production. So this is the use of like advanced technology. We might be using geospatial technology or we're using GPS. We're using satellite image, remote sensing. Um, some farms now if you look at it, they use a lot of geospatial um technologies. They'll use remote sensing to be able to see like which parts of the fields need water,

32:15 which ones might be having more insects actually destroying the crop so they know where to target um their pesticides or they could try to see which area is more depleted. So the larger the scale of the production generally they have more access to capital so they can afford more of that stuff. Um going back to the next one is going to be commodity chains. Remember commodity chain here we're focusing on kind of the path a commodity takes from its raw form. So when it is produced like so when we're harvesting it in that primary sector and then when it's going through its production so we're looking at the secondary um so as it's going through and eventually being sold in a store going to the consumer. So commodity chain would be this entire process from

33:01 being planted from being picked from being processed to shipped to sold in a store and then eventually um an individual consuming it. So just realize there's a variety of factors that are going into commodity chains. It's just not one thing. So kind of similar to a supply chain there, but supply chain um one difference supply chain is a little bit more broad. So it's not just focused on commodities there. Uh linkages, you might see linkages come up just as a term. It's not gonna be the focus of a question, but I have it there because it has been used in the CD for different units, but these are just connections. You can almost think of like break of bulk points, a term from unit 7. These are ways in which we have different industries or sectors actually communicating, trading, there's

33:46 migration, we have connections between different places. Uh I'm going to talk about economies of scale in just a second in a little bit more detail. Um, I'll put it back up. Some people are saying make it bigger there. But carrying capacity, we'll talk about first because I want to spend more time with economies of scale. Uh, carrying capacity, just remember that's the maximum number of people, animals, living organisms that can be supported in an area. And realize with that, um, it doesn't necessarily mean like that's the max like, oh, if you go over it, it's immediately going to, um, deteriorate. But the reason why we have a carrying capacity is if we exceed it, we'll start to see it's no longer sustainable and then we start doing more damage to the land. Um and eventually long term if we exceed it for too long uh then we're going to run into some

34:32 bigger issues. Um there cool uh with economies of scale the definitions up there. The one thing that I want to highlight with it is where people get sometimes confused is a lot of times they think okay the cost is coming down and so like if you have economies of scale it's cheaper you're technically spending more money but your individual cost is what is going down. So for example the reason why a lot of large companies have economies of scale is they own the factories already. They own the production. They own the different things that they need. Um, and they don't have to keep buying it. So, for example, like Mr. Beast can actually produce a video much cheaper than anyone else. He has the largest filming studios, largest warehouses, sound

35:18 stages in the entire East Coast of the United States. He has achieved economies of scale. For him to make a video, even though he spends a lot more than anyone else individually, he can produce his videos cheaper. Like, if I wanted to try and compete with Mr. Beast, I wouldn't be able to for a variety of different reasons. um but he can just produce it at a cheaper unit. So economies of scale, that's the focus there. We're looking at that individual cost is cheaper. Overall, you're still spending more, but you're able to produce more now at a cheaper individual unit. And this is what allows some of those agro businesses to actually be able to produce more and kind of beat out smaller family farms because they can sell their products cheaper to the consumer because individually they're

36:03 producing it less. So, uh hopefully that kind of makes sense on economies of scale. It comes up in a variety of different units in this class. So, you do want to make sure you have an understanding there. Uh cool. All right. Uh, agro businesses would be a large um business that's producing food. Um, it could be crops, it could be livestock, but we're looking generally also it could connect into like multinational um businesses too, but we're looking like a really large production big company here mass-roducing food one way or another. Uh, another term that you want to be familiar with is GMOs. So, the genetically modified organisms. Just realize this is different than a hybrid seed where it's not just using crossbreeding here. You're actually manipulating, you're genetically

36:49 engineering the food. So, you're genetically altering um the actual crop or the livestock or whatever it may be. And GMOs come after the green revolution. They're not during it, they're after. Um so, realize that as well. Uh cool. Hopefully that helps there. All righty. Bid rent theory. Bid rent theory is big. You can see here I'll make a quick full screen. We can connect into our unit six. We can connect it into our unit five. So we could look at Bonin's model here. We could look at our production of food. U we could also look at where we're going to locate different businesses, where we're going to locate um stores, where we're going to locate our homes. So the big red theory, you definitely need to be familiar with it. Um and one of the

37:34 things with this, you don't have to panic. Think about it like this. If you're closer to a city, like wherever you live, I don't know where you live, but if you're closer to the main city, houses are more expensive. The demand near cities is up here. Supply is down here. We have this gap. Markets don't like a gap. We're getting in a little economics here. Um, I think it helps to understand the behind the scenes of why this is happening. So, if we're right near a city, demand's up here. We have a lot of people that want to live in a city or we have a lot of stores that want to locate there, but our supply of land is down here. Since our supply is lower and we have more people that want there, the price has to go up. When prices go up, suppliers are more willing to supply goods. In our case, we're

38:21 talking about land. This would mean if all of a sudden the price goes up, up and up, the people that bought land, they're more willing to sell it. All of a sudden, the availability goes up. The other thing that happens is demand goes down. And so, while supply is going up, demand is going down. Eventually, we hit this equilibrium. It's called an economics. And here is where it's a sweet spot. We have the same amount of people that want to buy, same amount of people that want to sell. And the bid rent theory is looking at that. If we're near that market, it's expensive. So hopefully that kind of makes sense there. I'll quick put the models back up. I'm have to cough quick. So one second.

39:18 Okay. Sorry about that. Um trying to I'm actually feeling a lot better but still trying to get over some stuff. Um anyways, understand the bid red theory. Understand this also connects into intensive and extensive agriculture. So this is one of the reasons why extensive agriculture is located farther away from that market. Extensive, remember, uses a lot more land. And so land prices are cheaper farther away. And so extensive is going to locate more out there. Intensive is going to be located closer to that market. It requires less land. And so it's not as expensive for them to locate there. They're able to actually produce more on a smaller unit of land so they can make up for it. So just realize the bid rent theory is a big deal. it's going to come back up in multiple units and it's really the foundation for Von Tunin's model of land

40:04 use and that's the biggest model in this unit. They kind of go hand inand hopefully this makes sense. Any questions um on this large scale cuffs? Yes. Yes. I apologize. Um yeah, the concentric zone model when we're looking at density when we're looking at um the urban models it connects into all those. One of the reasons why those models are created that way because of the bid rent theory and it's impacting the location of different um homes of different residents of uh different mixed use areas of retail of manufacturing. It connects into all of that. Cool. Monocropy monoculture. They're very similar. We're just looking at planting the same thing over and over. Monoculture would be a little bit more broad. It also includes like livestock and stuff. Um yes, we're not going to go Okay, now I see a bunch of people asking

40:50 about the different like urban models. We will talk about that tomorrow for unit 6. So I'm not going to go into all the stuff there um right now. So we're not going to do that right now at this very moment there. Um bid red theory could definitely be on the test. Bid rent theory could 100% be on the test. So make sure you have an idea of it and it connects into Von Tunin's model. So here's his model. We got a nice picture of Von Tunin there. Um realize one of the reasons here. Anyone know why dairy farming is located right near the market and why forest as well? So, let me see. What do we got here? What do we got? Um, some people are asking about like the bitter. You don't need to know the formula for it, so don't worry about that. Whoops, just hit my thing. Yes, easy peasy. It's perishable

41:36 transportation. The milkshed. Yes, milkshed. Um, I might have said milk there. Uh, but yes, that milkshed. The area, which remember is a ring then where you could produce like milk for example. Um, and you could transport it without it spoiling. Um, but originally when the model was created, we don't have refrigeration. So, it's got to be right by that market. So, you got to get there right away. Also, wood very heavy to travel and you needed it for heat. So, that was located there. Now, one of the things when studying this model besides understanding the rings, understand how some things have maybe shifted over time. For example, as we've seen u more feed lots and industrial farming kind of grow, particularly in like the United States, the amount of land needed for ranching has kind of decreased. we can now produce quite a lot of meat regardless if you think it's a good way or not on cathos on feed

42:22 lots. So we're able to produce now more with less land. So that's shifted some of the spatial layouts um over time or we have also more specialty crops um that now are produced and due to advancements in transportation um that has also shifted where we produce different things but we still look at Vonto's model because for the most part he was pretty spot-on for a variety of different things. It's because it factors in some of the things like the bid rent theory. It's looking at intensive and extensive. Like if you notice when we're looking at this model, this would be more extensive practices. As we get closer, we have more intensive. So we can connect it into there. We can connect into the bid rent theory. So definitely spend time with Von Tunin's model understanding it. Um he has a variety of different assumptions. So remember it's like all

43:08 land and similar site characteristics. Um the area is uniform. City's located in an isolated state. Farmers want to maximize profit. Um no one farmer has specific roads that go to things. So that would be some of it. Um the other ones to like anything outside of it would be like the unoccupied wilderness. Essentially you're too far away now from that urban area or that market that you couldn't make money. So Vonuno was really focused on um profit and farmers that wanted to make profit. And again he had these assumptions. So his model could be applied to different areas. So a model is meant to look at things obviously in the real world we see there is differences. And does this work 100% today? No. But at the same time actually if we look at this model and you look at your own state there's a lot of aspects

43:55 that do still work. So it's pretty impressive. All right couple things now. We are going to talk more about globalization in agriculture. Um, here's some different terms you want to realize about. Um, yes, truck farming would be an example of intensive agriculture. So, that would be an example of that. All right. Uh, supply chain, we talked about commodity chains. Remember, supply chain is a little bit more broad. This is looking at a network of all the different people, organizations, activities, the resources, anything that's involved of the product uh or production and product of a sale. Commodity chains are just specifically focusing on commodities. Interdependence is going to come up throughout this unit a little bit and also our unit 7. This

44:40 is just looking at how people now are reliant. They're connected. And we can see that a lot in unit 7 when we're looking at the world system theory, when we're looking at international division of labor, when we're looking at comparative advantage, um complimentary trade, all that stuff. Don't worry about it. That will be later uh in this course that we'll look at. But interdependence, we're looking at how people are connected. So have an understanding there. And a commodity dependence is going to be when a country has more than 60% of its total export made up of just commodities. And so we are actually starting to see then they're really dependent on one export. Uh which can create a variety of different issues. And the

45:26 reason why that can create issues is because if anything happens to that export all of a sudden now their economy is going to decrease and all of a sudden they're going to start to see a lot of different issues arise. And so it's good to actually have more diversity in your exports that protects you a little bit because then if something happens to one commodity you're not going to have to worry about your entire supply um or economy crashing there. So the more diversity you have generally it shows a stronger healthier economy there. Like Venezuela used to have like I think it was like 80 90% was all just on like oil and natural and gas. Like so the majority there and then all of a sudden when those prices dropped their entire economy collapsed and we'll talk more

46:12 about that a little bit later on. Um speaking of this what we're talking about oh commodities. Commodities we're talking about like food. Sorry. We're talking about food. We're talking about natural resources that we're growing and we're shipping out like corn as a commodity. These are things that are traded. So, um that would be a commodity there. All right. On here we have net importer, net exporter. Speaking of this interdependence, how we are connected on a global community? Um take a second. What is the difference between exporter and importer? What does that mean? Yeah. Commodities are raw materials. Yes. Yes. All right. Um, yes, export is out, import is in. Correct. Export out, import in. Correct.

46:59 Correct. Um, some people asking to like, does the commodity chain connect into economies of scale? Generally, what we'll see is people with economies of scale will have a very robust supply chain. Um, so a lot of them will own more aspects of that, which will actually allow them to be cheaper. So, it'll connect into there. So, I just thought this was an interesting map. when we're looking at it, you can kind of see like who's importing more food. So, who's bringing more food in, who's exporting it, and again, it shows how people are connected. So, how all of this stuff is interconnected. Um, we no longer are producing food in isolation. And this also leads to an issue that we can see. One, we have a growing demand globally for food. So, we got to figure out how we can improve farming. that generally requires more money,

47:45 especially when we're looking at more all of a sudden um agricultural production connected to like machinery and when we're looking at all of a sudden more for the fertilizers and pesticides and GMOs and all of this stuff today. That creates a lot more strain on farmers to do that. Then we start seeing some farmers are producing more cash crops because those are what get the most money there. They can produce more. Now farmers who are producing food who's supposed to be helping their own people are actually exporting it which leads to then more actual growing demand for food. So wanted to kind of show um some of the stuff here how this stuff can connect into everything. Um and this is one of the issues of our global system today.

48:30 some of our less economically developed countries are actually now producing food for more economically developed countries and they see this cycle start to form. So I thought it was kind of an interesting way of looking at it. Hopefully that helps you out and understand some of that stuff there. And today realize that consequences of global agriculture can also connect into other things as well. Um yes, some people are saying this connects us into unit 7%. As we continue to go through all of this stuff, we start to see more and more is connected um together. So, when we're looking at here, I found this interesting. This is looking at um Ukraine and we're looking here at agricultural exports. We can see Ukraine, it's known as the bread basket of Europe. Um they produce a lot like

49:17 for their top global producers, we got number six, 7, 1, 4, 2, 22, six. They're producing a lot here for production, for exports. And so when all of a sudden we see Russia attack, that's going to impact food prices. And we've seen that. Why did food prices go up? Part of it was the Ukrainian Russian war. All of a sudden, our global distribution of food was interrupted. Um, Russia also is a top exporter of nitrogen and phosphite. Anyone know what nitrogen and phosphite are used for in terms of farming? Anyone have an idea? I'll try to pin it in the chat. Right now we're getting towards the end of the unit, so I'm trying to The end of the unit is talking about like consequences global agriculture. Uh yeah, fertilizer. Fertilizer, these nutrients, fertilizer, fertilizer, fertilizer. Yes. Yes. Nitrogen

50:02 phosphate. So when Russia has all these people are putting tariffs on, remember a tariff or sorry, not tariffs. Um when we're essentially putting sanctions preventing people from trading with Russia, they're a big exporter of nitrogen phosphite. That means fertilizer prices go up. After that war, fertilizer prices went up over like a thousand percent. And so farmers had to make a decision. Do I buy more of this fertilizer, but I'm going to get less money? Or do I buy less and I'm going to just produce less food? I'll get less of a yield. And so we saw that food prices have been going up. You do not have to memorize the Ukraine Russian war. I just wanted to connect to this because it's a great example of these concepts of AP human geography connecting into the world in which we live. And I find it really interesting. So hopefully um that

50:48 kind of helped you out a little bit of seeing how the world is connected and some of the issues with that. Now the other benefit to it is when it all works, we get a lot more food at a lot cheaper prices and we're able to have more and more um than we ever would on our own. So that would be a benefit. All right, getting more into some of our consequences. I'll go through some of these a little bit faster. We're going to get to the cahoot in just a second here. Um, some people are saying what an embargo is, you're essentially just blocking uh trade. So, you're just saying no one can trade from that area there. All right. Deforestation. Have an idea of it. It's just we're getting rid of the forest. So, you're clearing it out. Um, this would be deforestation there. All right. Uh, next one. Pastoral

51:34 nomads. This is a type of nomadism obviously here, but it's a type of agriculture where herders migrate with their livestock. And again, realize they travel generally in a certain area. They're not completely going all over the place like randomly. Um, this is also going to be located in areas where sedentary agriculture you really can't um produce anymore. Uh, or you can't just because of the environment. Uh, irrigation. Irrigation, one of the things that can happen is it could lead to soil salinization. So, that could be a negative there. But, this is just removing water from one place to another. It's all it is. uh soil erosion. So again, the wearing away. We're starting to see the displacement. This upper layer of soil essentially gets displaced. Wind, there's a bunch of things that could cause this. Um but

52:19 this could lead to the loss of arable land. It could lead to desertification. It could lead to um some of these things where we see unrepable harm being done. Um terrace farming is another type of agriculture where we're modifying the land there. This right here, we can see you're generally building this into the side of hills or mountains. Um, visually it's a great stimulus because it's very visual. Um, and you can see it quite easily and identify it there. A lot of times too, some of the water runoff then will go between the different crops. So, you're building it into the slope. Draining the wetlands. This generally happens because of urbanization or we're building more cities. Uh, the one issue with this is you start to see then um the wetlands act as kind of filtration system for uh our local ecosystems. And

53:06 so when we drain them, all of a sudden we're losing that kind of filtration system and that can lead to more water runoff. So one connection to make when we're paving all over all this stuff, whatever is going to the sewer is going just straight into your general local bodies of water. And so fertilizers, pesticides, different chemicals maybe you're putting on your car, things from the street and trash, the wetlands and all this stuff are gone. That leads to more water water runoff that goes down. Um, for example, with even water runoff, I'm from Minnesota. We have the Mississippi River. It goes all the way down through the United States. Um, we have the Mississippi River, it starts here. The river is clear. If you go down to the southern states, it's no longer going to be clear because there's been a lot of runoff that has gone into that

53:51 river. Um, particularly because of all the farms and all of the different um, fertilizers and all the different pesticides and all these things that run off into that river. And so by the time it gets down and it goes out um out into the ocean there um it's pretty dirty water. So that would be an example there. Soil salinization have an idea. This is this process of salt that's accumulating. So it actually starts kind of killing off the root system making it very difficult. Um and one of the reasons why this happens is then because actually of over irrigation that could be kind of a cause of this. But soil salinization could definitely be on the test there. So have an idea there. Uh aquaculture. Again, we're going through these fast because it's just vocab, but these are terms that are in the CD. So

54:38 want to make sure that you're aware of these. Uh this is just the rearing of aquatic animals organisms. Um one of the things that we've started to see now too is again kind of a decrease in biodiversity with this because we started to see a lot more mass production of certain fish like salmon and these big aquaculture fisheries. Um and again that model kind of cultivation trying to just get more production there. Uh also too realize that economic development impacts how we eat. Uh rearing is just sorry rearing is you're like raising livestock and you're raising it for consumption. That would be rearing. So hopefully that helps with that um for that. All right. Um with economic development we got this little image here. realize as you get more

55:24 access to money, so as economic development happens, generally you're able now to get more meat consumption, you're able to buy more luxury products, um you're not just focusing on just rice and beans and that stuff. So just have an understanding that economic development impacts not only what types of food we produce, what types of food we're going to purchase, but it changes our diets, it changes how we eat, it changes variety of different things. So again, we could connect it to that demographic transition model. As we progress through our diets and stuff shift um in the United States, our portion sizes and the food we eat is vastly different than other states around the world. All right, these are some other challenges. We're not going to dive super in depth into all of these. Um we've kind of already been talking about these a lot. So have an

56:09 idea of these. Anytime we see contemporary challenges, so we're looking at modern day, we have issues with sustainability, soil and water usage, reduction in biod diversity, um a lot more use of fertilizers and pesticides, struggles for that global population and feeding them, loss of variable land and climate change. So all these things are impacting um different components of our global production. So um have a idea of these. All right. Next one is food deserts. Um, this could also come up in unit six. This can impact urban areas. It can also impact rural areas as well. Um, one of the things here is just realize this is where a community is going to lack um

56:55 actual fresh food, fresh and healthy food. Um, and so you might not have a grocery store. Instead, you might get it from uh McDonald's supermarket. Not super, a convenience store would maybe be it or like a dollar store. you don't have um a hi- ve or you don't have a cub foods or you don't have whatever grocery store you have even a Walmart that has fresh produce and so these would be food deserts this is also where we have some unintentional consequences to living there for example generally people are worse off in health we have increased rates of diabetes obesity um so that creates some different health impacts to individuals living there so a lot is done to try and counter food deserts and this is a food distrib distribution problem. We're not adequately

57:41 distributing food around the world and around our own communities. So, that would connect into that. Cool. We're getting down there. We're almost done. Couple more terms. We have community supported agriculture. So, we have the system of farming. It's directly supporting local farmers. Essentially, individuals can then go and actually purchase um from the farmer and they'll get like a contract. I'll agree to buy X amount of stuff for the next um couple months or season. And then that allows you um to actually be able to support the farmer, get fresh food. All of that is a winwin. All right. Uh organic farming. This is just natural

58:27 methods. Now, one thing is not all organic food is necessarily healthy. So

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