The arrival of the Dutch Europeans in S A

0:00 good morning everybody welcome to this tutorial section on Southern Africa again in this last section we'll be considering the topic arrival of Europeans in southern Africa 150 to 180 and the foundation of European emony looking at the colonists the farmers the ranchers and the systems created by the Dutch in southern Africa between 150 and 180 of course one of the major impact of the coming of the European was the a new interaction between Europe and the other world in the 15th century which created new political systems cultural assimilation beliefs and pattern of economic new pattern of economic

0:46 relations including economic structures such as exploitations domination and creation of Institutions that actually subdued indigenous people in southern Africa but before we progress it is very very important as I told you in a class that there is a strong connection between events in Europe before the 15th century and what unfolded in southern Africa just like in East Africa and West Africa beginning from the 15th century when the Global Connections actually are made the the connection between Europe and Africa in the 15th century so as we've noted in the class this has to do with economic

1:35 social and political crisis in Europe no before the 15th century of course the the first is the economic which was attributed to food scarcity and food insecurity in Europe before the 15th century I noted explicitly in the class that the fall of costantino to the Tusk in 1453 no had given the urgency for new route to Asia in Europe there was this urgency for the European states to find an alternative route to Asia due to a major development in Europe so what was this major development of course it was the rise of Ottoman Empire I'm going to State know shortly before the 15th

2:20 century Europe had relied on the far East for cheap assets to goods and several resources especially food resources a process which started with uh through political conquest and expansion by macedone helenistic Powers Rome and Astic Powers was enounced by the growth of trade between Europe and the far east as far back as the 10th Century so as far back as the 10th Century there had been in existence a viable connection economic relationship between Europe and Far East know trading with each other in agricultural produce this was the major source of food sustainability in Europe the European state had developed great trade

3:07 relations with India from where spices was acquired was brought no as a matter of fact the economy of European States was very much dependent on this boom of this trade with norasia where they got spices peer Ginger and all sort of agricultural Commodities so it is no in other words to say that before the 15 uh 1453 the direct link to Asia was made possible by the commanding position of Constantinople I told you in the class where is where was Constantinople Constantinople is present day Istanbul and where is Istanbul in the global map Istanbul is the capital of Turkey all right so where is Turkey in the global

3:54 map Turkey is located in where in Eastern Europe all right so of course know the connection Turkish is just like a border a fence between Eastern Europe and Asia all right so the threat of the Tusk on Constantinople was significant no for no more than just the fear of the great Roman Empire's for it was a catastrophic no event for the Europeans for the Tusk no to block no the only assess route no in Constantinople so it also meant that that the trade which had bom between Asia and Europe no would decline all right this major source of supply for food Security in Europe will be

4:39 threatened so when Constantinople fell and the Easy Link Europe once enjoyed not to Asia became crumble it was just a matter of time it was expedient it was imperative or it was apite know that an uh another route be discovered to Asia and this was one of the major factor that led to the European discovery of know Africa America and Asia especially also since the T had blocked the former route no if the if another alternative route was not sought a diminishing effect a catastrophic and devastating effect will be Unleashed on European economy and of course this paved the way for the voage of exploration but as I've

5:27 noted in the class the reasons for the of exploration was not limited to the economic crisis in Europe there was also other factors such as the Renaissance factor and also the religious crisis in Europe that precipitated also The Voyage of course historically I noted that uh uh Europe during the Middle Ages no was predominantly religious all right one of the major problem in Europe during the Middle Ages that is from 476 to 1550 AD was was the predominance of religion no like kmas will know religion was the Opium of the European Society during this period following the acceptance of Christianity in Roman Empire and its

6:12 elevation over and above learning and also above the states so given this proclivity no given the overbearing religious orientation no medieval European Society snowbo or DFT tailed into no backwardness and ignorance pre if you like all right there was no relegation of social no advancement in Europe and this no actually was brought to bear all right in terms of the classical knowledge philosophy metaphysic and science characteristic of anian Greek and Roman societies disappeared no because of the ways in which religion actually permeated the European Society Christian philosophy created by Ambrose of Milan know

6:59 Augustine of IO and bonaventura and Thomas aquaintance now provided the basis for know engagement Rules of Engagement in all Department of life either in economic in politics in Social know in every know Department of Life religion no was no the measure through which uh people interacted no or process or rationalize things in Europe but however unfortunately no there was a the transformation no subsequently no with the Revival of learning no that is the Renaissance the breath of learning know occasion or precipitated by the emergence of universities of Oxford 1096 universities of Paris 1150 no coupled

7:48 with also the rediscovery of the aristotlean ideas some of the ancient writing writings of no ancient Scholars like aristot no all of this created Doctrine controversies polemics no no misunderstanding leading to the challenge of Christian Orthodoxy and also the conventional wisdom all right people began began to challenge the essence know of Christianity especially there were quite a number of De Colonial no movement no of course the Martin Luther King movement was actually associated with this new episode in European history also was that of the John Cavin movement no the C movement no those no who challenge the idea that

8:35 children of the bishop must naturally grow no to be eligible for ordination to be Bishops no some of this like M King movement Talent no the is of Salvation the they claim that salvation is by grace and that of the John cin emphasized that justification is by faith not by election or Not by natural ordination and all of these no was as a result of know the rebb of knowledge Renaissance of course consequent this was also consequent upon the writings of Scholars like no marcilio of Padua and others no with all of these activities religion was relegated to the background where it belong and it power cascaded and plemented that is what we noted

9:21 demonstrably of course this was subsequently accentuated it was followed in other words by the ren 1350 to 15 Then followed by the Revival of anient culture civilization and learning which culminated in the Scientific Revolution 1600 and the eventual rise of the Industrial Revolution 1750s and also the modern not technology that is a maritime Revolution these are some of the major events in Europe of course I also mentioned that there was also the religious factor in addition to Renaissance and economy no people were trying to escape out of Europe just like the way people are trying to jackar from Nigeria in the Contemporary period now

10:08 so you know the the we need to historicize Jaa the history of Jaa all right you know it is not a recent phenomenon Europeans during the 15th century No 14th and 15th century jackp from Europe no in an astronomical proportion because of religious persecution all right which is well of course if you you have read works the works of Flavio Josephus in his popular book called Antiquity that's a very classical literature where he noted explicitly that no as a result of the persecution of the Christian Community or Society in Europe know the cavist followers and Martin Luther King know the as a result of the the elimination and extermination of this

10:53 Christian faith to the blood of the Christians that were killed in Europe were flowing through the gutters and quenching the fires in the city all right so this actually was one of the reasons why no it was imperative for people to seek alternative means know of livelihood elsewhere outside Europe know like people were Jack are jacking people jackp from Europe know looking for a place and this was of course eventually made possible also through quite a number of Innovations in Europe with several agencies and States actors supporting and sponsoring uh knowledge request research for knowledge of course quite a number of investment were actually made by the king of Spain

11:39 and that of Portugal KN in the field of geography in the field of astronomy in the field of uh ship building Marine engineering and technology so Europeans subsequently began to test Waters and Travel Land know that could bring a new way to Asia for while the absence of any any known route or to have ended the trade as you have noted the economies uh the European economies had become much sustained by this trade to end so it was certainly compos imperative or sacran for state to desire to maintain a stable economy States who desire to maintain a stable economy had to discover a new route to Asia so this was

12:27 the beginning of the voyage of exploration that actually led to discoveries of no America uh South America West Africa South Africa and other part Asia and all the stuff of course as I've mentioned it was driven by the quest to discover an alternative route to Asia so the Spanish and the Portuguese were the first to be determined to get uh to seek to discover the new routs to the rich sources of trade in the Far East from the second half of the 15th century Europe noly sought a new route to avoid the impending economic catastrophe that would know face Europe if such lucrative Asian trade no was uh ended so the

13:14 determination of the state of Europe to set out into the unknown and mobilize their resources both man and material for finding new route this actually you know paved the way for the voyage of exploration of course we've noted that the wealth of any state in Europe at the time and the economic know uh development rested solely on the India trade and no if this uh route was not sought no that means the European economic economy will be plent and also know will become an an anacronismo of exploration in Europe among the new places discovered was southern Africa as we have noted

13:59 while the first uh Explorer Christopher Columbus discovered the bamas Mexico Florida and quite a number of places in South and North America other actors came on board following the example of Christoper Columbus who P the discovery in 1479 for instance bom Das left Lisbon in Portugal in 1487 in a quest to discover a new route to Asia as you have noted explicitly he followed the coast beyond the Congo but he was driven out of the sea as we have noted of course when the storm abated di discovered the wesle wind that helped him to se no across the Atlantic of course in this case he

14:45 accidentally just like Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered know the Florida Mexico bayans and quite a number of areas in North America no Christo uh D also discovered accidentally the Mosel Bay which was about 200 miles east of the cape so Das and his crew of course did not go beyond the cape for the fears and uncertainties associated with know the journey actually caused the crew to to to retreat no back to Portugal of course he was unable to get to India but a major achievement had been made recorded in the history of the Portuguese Voyage of exploration so di know named The Place

15:32 Cape of storm and also returned to Portugal so he was welcome in Portugal by the King John 2 of Portugal who sponsored his vage though while he had not go to Asia neither did he return with any spice but an important factor is that bomo Das became a Portuguese hero because while he did not reach Asia or India he had discovered the cape so uh of course the king of Portugal King John 2 renamed the Cape of Good discovered by Di and here L the new route to India as we are going to demonstrate in the remainder of this class so the discovery of the cape was important but it would be useless if it was not followed with more Explorations

16:18 and voyages for it in itself as we have noted was not the reason of the journey the essence the Cardinal imperative the modus vendi or like the modus operandi of The Voyage of exploration was to seek know the a route to India THS in 1497 vas dama no set again sailing from Portugal determined know and was decisive to find a way the route to India so D discovered he we noted that they had discovered the cape now which positively showed the possibility of a route to Asia so of course it demonstrated that if this route was followed

17:03 keenly the G would probably uh find ultimately the route to Asia so he made larger preparation this time no he went with bigger ships and a better more sophisticated crew all right know and also the technologies that could withand whatever storm the SE through and also to withstand the longer journey of going further to the cape so on his way he landed at Mosel Bay on 22nd of November 1497 so in this case the first Contact between the Europeans and the kooi took place no and the Gama no battered exchange ornament for Ko's CLE and also other various agricultural Commodities so the journey continued nor norw know

17:51 the cap by this time Europe had found a new route to the trading empires of the Indian Ocean so of course this was know the process of the incorporation of the economy the land the society and even the patrimony of southern Africa into the V Vortex or orbit of global capitalism as you have noted no of course he got to malindi no where an Indian Gujarati pilot known as Malana guided the Portuguese no to calicot in this case vas dama no returned to Portugal in 14 99 with a cargo of spices that paid for the Expedition know 60 times over this was a remarkable achievement for the Portuguese of course

18:38 while it was simply the root to India and the link between Europe and Asia a critical factor is that whatever power that control the cape would easily block the trade route from Europe and Asia so the Europeans the Portuguese realized that it was imperative know that no a a a system be put in place at the cape to regulate to preserve the interests of their country so of course this uh was later to be challenged know by other European explorers who came as a matter of fact no this brought about the coming of the Dutch so let's consider the coming of the Dutch in southern Africa after the Portuguese know it was the Dutch who establish their presence their

19:24 food in southern Africa so the first Portuguese commer like the G as you have noted in southern Africa did not appreciate the place the notable Factor there is that southern Africa being temperate no could not provide any of the tropical Commodities which made no uh Eastern trade so profitable the southern African environment did not possess most of the profitable know resources like spices and all the paper and the stuffs needed by the Europeans so also was the fact that its inhabitants the KO koi or the entos were considered know civilized and hostile to the portug to the Dutch to the Portuguese so they did not produce articles comparable with the siik and

20:11 the meta and the spices of Asia and of course the cape was there by bypassed by by Portugal Portugal what was important for Portugal was that it had discovered the route to Asia and another European State no followed neglecting the Cape except the Dutch so among the European States the Dutch and the British East Indian company had become most powerful with the Dutch trade centered on the Indonesia Island and that of the British know which focus on the mainland Indian Mainland basically so the journey on the long sea however was quite asard as we have Ved and the ship the ship going from uh Europe to Asia we

20:58 probably need some refreshing know getting waters and vegetables and this was know the uh factors that brought the dut into southern Africa as we have noted the distance from Europe to Asia was several miles and it was quite know improbable not to travel such a long distance at a go especially it is crucial no it was considered no imperative that human crew members needed to refresh themselves no on real land to take some clean water and vegetables and also root butter some meat all right no with the COO why they relax themselves from the tediousness of the long journey of course I told you that no this is a critical Factor as

21:44 I've told you and this is a a very very important question to note that might probably emanate in the exam as I I've told you if you were given a question that Meats fresh water and vegetable how logical can this logically explain the making of a historical tragedy in southern Africa so you could see that it was the Quest for meat for fresh water and vegetable that actually brought about the Dutch the creation of the Dutch settlement in southern Africa of course again I mentioned that among the first places created by the Dutch was sent Elena which know had been found useful know for this purpose but of course because uh St Elena was quite

22:30 very very far away from know the route to Asia so it was quite imperfect it was too far from the trading center of Asia and the need to stop again know will be necessary so the Dutch felt rather that the cape know which the initially found will be more useful aide rather than the St elen so the ship began to stop at table Bay know that is a cape which was the best place for them to rest and of course at this point the dot had not considered the cave to be of much more uh uh much of a significant place until there was a Dutch ship wreck no table Bay which is along the cap so it was recorded that

23:15 crew on on their way to India all right some some of the crew Men you know struggled there was a shipwreck and some of the crewmen know struggled to know uh come out of the storms and know Haven sustained themselves no no finding themselves on the shore of the cave so they encounter the KO koi people from whom they obtain vegetables no and also cus so of course subsequently the Dutch considered making this place a place for revitalization all right so it was suggested that the the bay the cape be used as a place of riveral a revitalization center the reason was

24:01 quite simple the Sailor that sustain themselves no they they had shown the possibility of the cape not to produce vegetables for ships also was the fact that it had clean water and there was suus CLE know from the KO koi which could be used all right to feed the uh Sailors and the crew members on their Voyage to India so as already noted it was the best middle stop also know as against St Elena no because of its closeness the proximity to Asia for the dut East Indian company no understanding this uh geographical and strategic advantage of the cape no estimated that this would be more

24:48 productive for the Dutch government so in 1652 the cape was officially recognized as a place where this uh Dutch sheep could refresh and take vegetables and preparations were begun to build it into a center for no rest and resuscitation fundamentally as already noted no of course i' I've mentioned that no for you to fully meet the needs of the sheep it was important for some people to remain at the cape to prepare all that the Sheep would need know for their further journey to Asia such as planting vegetables garden and establish the Dutch physical Presence at the C also so in this case the Dutch government in Europe know commission or

25:36 deployed and experienced a well traveled surgeon in the name of Jan van rebec along with H25 servants know who were commissioned to establish the D no Presence at the C this was the first know European settlement at the cape that was established so the mission of be and those who came with him was quite simple vegetable were to be grown to supply the passing sheeps with fresh food friendly relations were to be established with the KO koi the autous people know especially KATU and also a for was to be built know to house the European garison and to act as a house for the six saor in uh in the cape this was know a one of

26:25 the making of historical tragedy in s Africa of course it is noted that the new settlement know at the C in its early stage was quite unproductive as needed or as was expected as a matter of fact uh in most cases it was difficult for the uh garison the Dutch settlers at the C to produce food to Fe the ship rather it was the passing ship who of know how to provide no for the people and it became quite obvious that to sustain the cap settlement know and reduce the expenses on the Dutch government more labor was to be brought to complement what was being produced by the people of course the Dutch had to unequivocally free some of its prisoners

27:12 and servants and give them land at the cape where they would grow crop and sell to the company and also export some to Europe all right some of the know servants and prisoners in in in Europe in Netherland were deployed were sent on the 12 years term to the cape all right as part of their prison terms of course these people eventually became one of the principal actor in the making of a historical tragedy and existential Calamity in southern Africa all right okay so the servants were these servants were made of of threee boers who were granted 13.5 Morin about 300 acres of land which was to be free of any tax

27:58 know for the next 12 years as we have noted of course this was done with a clear thought the cape had been explored and it has to be developed cultivated all right the the Europeans Laing the population also know apart from people were Jack IM migrating they had to look into know mobilizing the prisoners of course uh the KO koi by that period had not develop a settled life as you have noted the KO koi and the sunand the sunand were improvident while the Koo were nomadic in nature no they simply came to trade for Cle and no batt their CLE for European goods and the Cape of course there also the factor that the KO could not establish their presence at the cap because of of series of droughts

28:45 know which greeted the area around the 17th century so the land acquired by the Dutch boers the the the the Dutch boers was significant in major ways in a sense that no of course it will alter the scheme of things the dislocation and the dispossession of the indigenous people in southern Africa of course this Bo soon started expanding in population and consequently no subsequently spread beyond the the shore no the jurisdiction no Mark for them by Governor Jan van rebeck and ultimately without in a little time they came in real contact with the autous people with the indigenous people in southern Africa of course with this friction was bound to occur the superiority of one was going

29:32 to determine ownership and superiority all right and all of this would centrifugally cause one group know to own almost perpetually the southern Africa no the the this would probably result to the rise of various nationalism of course as you have noted we have the African nationalism and Africana nationalism the African nationalism represented the indigenous The ancestral people in southern Africa the kooi the San the Bantu the Zulu all right and other groups which we've considered in our class so in this case the most vulnerable of all of these groups so this European incursion and know infiltration and also the expropriation of their land the the most

30:19 vulnerable no where the kisan the KO koi and the sun all right because their ways of life was too casual not or resist the conquest and expropriation of the land by the European unfortunately in the history of man it is difficult to see where men naturally gave up their sovereignty know in the usually in the face of external incursion or AG aggression is always followed by no resistance men naturally do not accept no alien domination in absolute what docility so but unfortunately for the because of their improvident nature they were too fragile know uh and too flexible to resist this European

31:06 incursion so this situation actually altered the scheme of things in southern Africa but of course with time some of these indigenous people were reduced know by a number of factors which we consider subsequently there was also shortage of Labor which of course uh led the boers to result to uh more uh immigration of the Dutch people in 1657 Jan van rebec had to bring in mus slaves know from different parts especially from Angola even and the Indies in a way to complement to supply no um Workforce no laborers for the Dutch bers in their various Agricultural

31:52 and grazing uh uh pass plantations so this sles were men just like the boas themselves were men no prisoners who had been know shipped from Europe and because know the natural problem of absence of women arose it became so it became a child of necessity know for governor Javan rebec to encourage mixed marriages between the Dutch and the boas and the Koo women so this know actually led to no cultural affiliation assimilation and exchanges of course there were also this suppression intimidation the molestation the abuses of women no without mentioning those men of course thise uh led to demographic

32:39 explosion in southern Africa the mixture no the the Intergroup marriages between each of those group know exploded know the racial crisis in southern Africa and by the time governor rebeck was living in 1662 all right no uh the cape had been fully established as a Dutch settlement of course with its own institutions with an hary a governor as we are going to demonstrate in the remainder when we looking at the expansion of European uh uh presence and population in southern Africa thank you