Revision Workshop for Unit 2 CAPE Sociology

1:43 good morning everyone I'm Marge Bolero Horton Asus introduced charring the marketing recruitment and communications office the University of the West Indies Moana campus thank you for joining us with us today for this revision workshop for cabe unit to sociology the you table Moana campus is mindful of how Cove it 19 has disrupted your normal school life in unprecedented ways this revision workshop is just one of the many ways that the campus is responding to the needs your needs or prospective students we do hope that it will help to make a very positive difference in your readiness for this exam before I introduce our facilitator let me share

2:31 with you some very good news from the university the campus has extended its application period so that those of you who have not yet applied may be able to do so now applications are welcomed for all our programs except for the Faculty of Medical Sciences where only the basic Medical Sciences physiology is still available to undergraduate students the application link is www on you lady D you slash apply then other good news is that the tuition fees remain the same as at the last academic year a few protocols for this meeting if you are

3:17 listening from outside Jamaica we're inviting you to let us know who you are by writing your name the name of your country we invite you also to write your questions in the chat for dr. Beckford he will try his best to answer as many as possible if not all so your facilitator today is dr. Orville Beckford lecturer in the Department of Sociology psychology and social work here at the U in moaña doctor Beckford has three great passions one he is passionate about his family sociology and teaching thank you for participating in this scape unit workshop we trust that all your questions will be answered and you

4:04 will be ready to sit your exams dr. Beckford thank you very much mrs. Willie our hearten welcome students welcome I know it has been a very difficult semester you have you have tried your best and you have steered to the end in terms of we get you get ready for exam shortly so we welcome you those people are from outside the Caribbean we welcome you especially it's always good to have our brothers and sisters from the other islands being in the class with us and so we we welcome you we are

4:49 going to keep social unit 2y unit 2 rather than one the car tool is the more difficult of the two units one is a perk is it for two and so almost all the things that you learned in one you are going to use it in unit 2 especially those sociological theories that you learned in one you be using it in two issues of a religion and so on that you did in one you will be the app you will need it in two so it is important that you carry what you learned over from unit one into unit 2 now unit who allowed me to have some very difficult areas some of which I will seek to address in this lecture today and I'll

5:36 also feed your question at the end of the presentation the presentation itself will be made available to you and I'll also send you a question P and mcq paper with about 45 or 50 questions and allow the answered so you can use them to prepare for your exam which is which is very close so as we start as usual I start by saying what are you expected to do in the examination this is entirely mcq multiple choice questions so what it means that he will have to know your definition and you most have an idea of everything the thing with when you have essays you can pick your essays and your staff and the essays and your okay but know you have multiple

6:24 choice questions that cover the entire syllabus your keep syllabus sociology should be with you like your Bible not saying it is a Bible but like your Bible you keep it with you and you make sure that you have covered all the ears in it with the mcq there's nothing that you can afford to leave out are not know so it is very important that at this juncture that you have your syllabus with you you can download it from the keep website from the CHC website it's free and you can make sure that you have it to ensure you have covered all the areas on the syllabus that is very important so when I was doing this revision what I did I went back to the

7:10 Cape syllabus to look at what is it that the syllabus required of you so we will we will start so we start first we're looking at the sociological perspective we start with population so it is important that you understand the link between your unit one module one and this unit two very important that you understand the link between your your unit one and your unit 2 so in the unit 1 you had sociological series so we did think like functionalism we come back to them when we when we look at not so much population but crime and deviance religion issues such as poverty crime

7:55 and so on so it is important that you make sure you understand your unit one social theories so functionalism Marxist conflict interactionism and of course feminism very important because you're going to be going over back to them over and over as you try to understand the various areas which is speak to unit 2 so we start with population popular shinato's return mode uses ubiquitous which which mean it's everywhere so you will get question I keep checking some of the past papers you have about ten questions I've seen and each party about on population you have many many questions I'm in many different areas

8:40 unpopulated we can't go into all the ear this morning because we do not have the time to go through all the earth at this juncture so what we'll do we'll touch on some of the main one so we here we're looking know at the population theory the sociological perspective of population we start with Malthusian and here is a population control is really about controlling population growth what you'll find out that what is central to more severe the issue of population growth what's happening with growth will determine is determined by birth rate death rate and other issues such as birth control family planning and so on so I'm so really focusing on growth so

9:28 population growth result from more people surviving diseases being better fed and more comfortable because we figure that if you are getting good food you do not have much disease are you are survive these diseases and you are comfortable then of course we'll see population growth but of course there are many other issues as you know fertility the fact that I'm well fed don't mean that I can have children the fact that I am comfortable doesn't mean that I can have children and there are many other issues that we result in people not wanting to have children if the protocol climate is unstable you might not want to bring a child into this world into that unstable climate issues of crime and violence and with

10:15 avocado when crimes are high it is the meals who die and so what we see people tend to have more again male child believed honor to replace those who are dying alright so these are some of the issues so a short so the Malthusian theory asserts that whilst the food supplier could could only increase our F medically you know during mean by increased automatically one two three that is automatically population growth occurred geometrically just like the kovat ninety we say to you that what the government have done if such I restrict the spread because once it started move from I've metrical if spreading to geometric Alice pretty when she was Rebecca

11:01 geometrically spreading mean we go from 2 4 8 16 and so it increased geometrically that is the one that is that it disastrous so we have food suppliers or increased automatically so yes we can get more chocha to buy yes you can get more yams and so on if the population is increasing geometrically then you're going to outstrip the food supply so which is why Malthus argument was that that the food supply will increase automatically what the population growth is going to increase geometrically what are the implications of this part of the implication is that if we outstrip the food supply water we are family we have social issues we have

11:47 issues of poverty because of course for rich people will be able to get food to buy from overseas or import food the poor people can't so there were many social issues of crime violence social inequality resulting from that that mix where you have the population increase in interval growth geometrically but the food only increase in arithmetic alley so maltose series before of course notice you said before the ready availability of family planning they theorize that population could only be checked by natural or man-made disasters such as war plague flood earthquake et cetera in fact the argument that he uses their conscience the very very populated countries you

12:33 ever notice that when they have a natural disaster its magnanimous many people die so you have an earthquake are flooded in in India the two most populous crunches are India and China you have so where you have problem is those country's it tend to be on a large scale much of argumented that this is don't sauce to balance but the population within those larger populous areas and so he's saying that that population could only be checked by natural or man-made disaster for child war plague flood earthquakes and so of course we know that we know how family planning so for example the population can be checked by putting in place policies family planning policies to ensure that the population doesn't get out of hand

13:20 China ought to do that India and to a lesser extent did that as well an asana carbon here in Jamaica we had a proper population from the planning adage that said two is better than too many and so people were were were being asked to limit their families to just two because what we saw we saw runaway in the 70s with with a population growth so the government of the day how to step it and said no no no no no this won't help us later on and what we love is more poverty more people or food and so what they did they came up with a family planning policy that said a two is better than too many so Marxism again if

14:05 you did Marxism very well in your unit one then you're on your way to almost half of unit to Marxism wherever we go Marxist of a general thought pattern relating to what's happening with respect to capitalism what up with respect the exploitation and so they they follow the same gamut right Road so one few understand Marxist fear once you understand that it is a theory we call a theory of economic determinism why for him the economy determines everything the economy money determines your values money determines

14:50 or you look at things money determine your survival rate and so we call it the fear of economic determinism so that is Marx and Marxist consistent right throat which ever theory looking at which ever issue socially shall be crime and violence beat poverty which ever issue the Marxist are very very very very they continue along the same vein with respect to how they see this exploitation how they see they'll be the importance of capitalism and so on so with that said so Marxist criticize martyr fury have been historical you should note that the term a story call from asymmetrical a what know with

15:38 respect of covert nineteen what do we said you're a what hmm you're a symptomatic which mean that you have the virus but you're not showing the virus yeah you're not showing the symptom and so hey historical is that there if that is Turkish side to it what you're not taking into account instead since its its disregard how big a factor the relationship between workers and capitalists change over time so whatever they are saying not what maltose did was to ignore the social relationship between and among people they ignore these this manufacturer that effect relationship whole workers are treated by their managers by their owners of

16:25 capital how teachers treat students how government treats constituencies and so on so he's saying that that the D'Amato fear ignore that in the card of homelessness and malnutrition and poverty change over time but if you ignore all of those holes then can you say in you have a theory of population when you ignore all of these social issues and the social relationship that happens over time also he said marches are saying how capitalism with its complex relation and reproduction perpetuate the condition of the poor are not necessarily their fertility because what is what is trainers profit even ironic is the fact that sometime the

17:13 poor classes of people are more fertile much much more fertile than the richer classes of people so he saying that the what they did they ignore the complete relationship of these these relations of production this is ROP that we spoke about when you did the first part of the course into the unit one relations of production in order to produce sugar banana rum coke or whatever it is we have to talk to each other we must develop a relationship in terms of how are we going to produce the product who will do what who will be responsible for what are for who and so on and so forth so which is why we need these relations of production so he's saying that if

18:00 multiple ignore all of these relations of production then it's going to be difficult to see a good theory of population so then we have the neo-marxist no didadu what we call neo mean new just like where we have neo-marxists these are the modern their masses in new Marx's so we have these new margin theories so they came after maltose but they came along the same line their thought processes is along the same line as much as himself so population control should be done via the reduction of the birth rate through the measures such as planned Parenthood so what they are saying they are no moving beyond mottos and saying that no

18:46 so we can't we can't just depend on war I mean diseases earthquakes and so on we can reduce the birth rate by using policy such as planned Parenthood so people will decide that we're having two children I'm having just one child and so you have Planned Parenthood the other lotta issues with respect to that some people have a problem with it but that is for another discussion these theories are more concerned about large-scale destruction and environmental crises resulting from overpopulation so of course they still went along part of the mottos route with respect to these these natural disaster

19:34 than environmental crises that result in over population are checking checking the population according to total army 2020 the near Matthews and series of pain that for developed countries pollution in a city crime unemployment rising cost of living and environmental degradation could be solved through reduce in population growth that does can a reductionist view to think in that that it's already things can be reduced by one thing reduce the population growth because we have countries that are small amount of people but still of high level of crime there's no saying that because you have a small population you not have published and you know your

20:19 population you're not gonna have crime you're not have social issues and so we we take this one with a grain of salt we apply to the Caribbean and we are saying so is it that's with inner-city crime unemployment and so on we are seeds in the Caribbean small island developing states and we know that our zoria small island developing states we have all of these problems we have inner city crime we have unemployment rising cost of living and environmental degradation and in fact sometimes we believe the reason why we have some of these issues because we are seeds were a small island developing States and so to think that all of this could be could be reduce to just reducing population and all this is

21:04 fine again that's what we call a reductionist approach to thinking about population population growth then we have the demographic transition model which more say would have known about chances are you'll have one two or three questions about them on your mcq so you are you Muslim early stages are put there here and what each other stages about again bear in mind that the demographic transition model was for Europe was for Europe but we can look at each of them with respect to what other men in the Caribbean and so early in the history of Europe there was a we called stage one the high stationary stage of

21:50 population growth here we have high birthrate but we also have high death rate and if we have hybrid return high death rate and of course the population growth is going to be very low so it is called the high stationary stage of population growth stationary because the population doesn't grow much at all so the graph is relatively flat during that time in terms of the growth graph because we have high birthrate and ID s real historical this was a period in history in which we have a lot of diseases that are the black plague the allman of things we have a lot of effort record pathologists that was affecting people in Europe so we had high birthrate but we also had high death

22:36 rate so life expectancy in in some places in Europe owes 40-odd 4050 and so we didn't have people living until living till their hundred and ten it was a real occasion so that is stage one in the Caribbean stage one force we were in slavery during that time why did we have high death rate but we also didn't have high birthrate because of course families were not seen as being important to the objective of slavery so part of the family pattern that we have in the Caribbean is because the slave owners didn't facilitate we have in families so we came out of we came out of slavery the latter part of slavery

23:22 they are loaded to some extent but initially no you were not allowed to have families because they saw this idea that if you have a family on the plantation then it could become the genesis of a revolution or revolt Cal you all could talk unplanned and so families were not encouraged and so that period we didn't have a high birth rate we have relatively low birth but we have seriously high death rate but as you know slavery was 350 years of defamation after black people and so we were killed even for just refusing to say good morning to a white person stage 2 the early Frenchman stage decline in birth rate and death rate but high

24:09 population grew because of course it cannot follow logically know if you have decline in death rate then you'd have some population growth but we start the starter of the decline in birth rates science was no developing in Europe so they could no introduce things to make people live longer they could also introduce medical medical technology that would that improve people's people's benefit only for a long period of time so we are the decline in birth rate because of course this was a period no we were moving don't to come out of their grave and age during your career on stage large families were encouraged career by the work on a plantation we were now moving into the period of

24:56 industrialization where people know go all to work in a factory so we start to see a decline in birth rate the more you come to industrialization and the more industrialized you are you have lower birth rate what we'll see no in places like Europe like England the first the age when a female is up in her first child is about 26 which is different from the Latin America and the Caribbean era the first time up that sorta gets pregnant are so ended up in their first child it's still about some 19 19 or 20 we have we have increased as well to what was marginally but in Europe what they are seeing is that they're very low birth rate as people become more transferring about their occupation

25:45 about their life and who do I adore do I end up being able to afford the basic things in life so people will delay having children till later on in life and so on so that's why we are seen like in England the the birth rate that the age when a woman first our child is I think 26 most of them no we'll finish University first start a career before they start a family and not the other way around that you serve and you start a family then you you go to university in your in your mid life and so on and so forth so stage 3 the latex one in situ birth rates and death rates decline while population growth rate increased more slowly but of course if you have birth rate declining and debt rate the

26:33 China your population tenacity is still steady really so as we move because you look at this historically as we move along historically we become more technological so we are able now to see more technology being applied with respect to population with respect to fertility which is picked to people being able to live longer and so on and so forth and because of the industrialization that is taking place more women know are know to work remember the time that's very important to know the history now so I mean I will run from history odd odd seasick because it underpins almost all all the courses so what happen is no as we move more into industrial society women are now

27:20 being forced to go out to work we have more PPP purchasing for a party by women so what we have is that there the decline in birth rate because the Moriya out working the less than your fear five and six and seven children and so that is what we are seeing and Stage four and so within the Caribbean our industrialization came later somewhat after Europe car Europe once we finish the the sixteenth seventeenth century uncommon to the 18th century once we reach a 19th century we start to see the industrialization of Europe so we start to see industrialization open up our factories so people move now from on their farm with with one and two workers to go in to work in factories and

28:06 factories kind of saw to the demise of this of the single man having a little business and so we start to see the increase in factories but we also start to see increase in the use of analogy so we started out first we ran our culture motor production then we are an electrical motor production then now we're moving into an electronic motor production which is where we are in or with the cell phone where you can still stay at work turn on your AC eternality with the tip taper program for you we are knowing in electronic mode once we get more into the industrialization of course we are gonna have low birth rate and hopefully given all the technology we have know with a medicine and vaccine we can also reduce the debt rate and so

28:51 once that is done we have a stable population so make sure you are able to understand each stage what is happening at each stage and relate each stage to the Caribbean that's what the syllabus over so to do so I touch on one years that is very common I noticed on the past papers urbanization know when I speak of urbanization we are here thinking of the increase in urban areas and how do we get increase in urban areas people migrated from the rural areas into the urban areas in search of work for those of you who were in Jamaica you'd understand at the end of slavery

29:37 the the blacks the slaves left with nothing at all so we are at the slave or not were given 20 million poems to show up for themselves we had nothing thankful to the Baptist's we we got some free villages the first one was in was in was in was in slab oval where Jim am Filippo about 650 acres of land and give it to the ex slave then well another one in Trelawney we're the Baptist's again but favorite acres worth of land and give it to the ex live so we really had no resource so in Jamaica what happen was that when this wave left the plantation they headed wherever the plantation was and we are plantation right through the

30:23 island they headed into Kingston in search of work the trade was nothing in Raleigh we have kind of the same thing no I do we are should under than eighty years removed from slavery but we still have children who come to university get their degree seldom go back home what are they going back home to we have one bank in a tone how much cheaper camera car at one bank we have one tax office if any at all in the tone we have one one cortos one of each business but we have a number of students Cobbins university i'm not going to home so what we call we are call it an urban drift what ours are brain drain after earlier us into the urban ears and so these are issues that you have to be a nun because

31:09 these questions are not going to be static question you have to sit on unreasonable but if you know the history I know what you're talking about then you can reason the question and get a correct answer so urbanization has both positives and negatives so we have people in fact the in in Jamaica when the people live Montego Bay st. James tralana and came into Kingston it wasn't a time when we have cards on cell phone so I could call and say hello daddy I didn't get a job so I'm gonna I'm gonna stay overnight with with with with Marcia and then I come home to this time no you didn't get a job what they did they got a piece of cardboard and they headed out to the western part of the

31:54 city that's what we know called West Kingston what happens here are a lot of people came in search of work didn't get any they went there they got a piece of cardboard said public or touch thing on this theory until they could get her work that became known as dongle and Dongre was bulldoze to set up what is no Tivoli Gardens for those who don't know the history and this was part of urbanization where people came in search of work couldn't find any so so here we look at urban positive and we also look at the negative about urbanization and so let's look at the policy first the centralization of economic activities such as commercial parks make it easier to provide infrastructure and natural resources for production the same thing that the positive is also negative but

32:40 let's do society first so what we have we have what we call such a box but that that they set up factory units and invite entrepreneurs to come in and rent them so what you have was you have one general area we are ten fifteen twenty factories why is that a positive because of course it makes the use of resources better everybody's in the same era so they used in the sium in terms of the required same amount of electrical voltage for their operation we have one canteen cancer of ten factories and so on and so forth so what we have was a centralization so what government in Jamaica did was to set up a lot of these

33:28 free zone such space so we have these zones in Trelawny ha nova send James Spanish tone and an Marcus Garvey Drive in Kingston we even have addressing part of Don Houghton in Greendale in Spanish tone so government built these factory spaces and a number of entrepreneurs came in make use of these faces and so we had a common area where people could go and seek employment so in the even you'd say hundreds of people wait an underboss because they all got jobs in the factories and so this was positive the urban centers entire file investors in the example for real estate and entertainment because of course you

34:15 didn't have to run up and own to find a set of businesses that your product could be segmented towards you had they're all in one space and so it was easy for you to come another foreign direct investor and set up operation in that same factory space and you you provide software you provide raw materials and so for them urban ears are usually melting pots of cultures yes Kingston of course is the cultural capital of the Caribbean and perhaps the if you thought some Jamaican are they say is a cultural capital of the world where else have you ever such a small island with such a large reach we have amused Acharya that that is known on the

35:00 world stage we have at least that are world beaters we have with the people that have impacted the culture of the world such as miss Lu such as such as Rex net afford these are people who have impacted the world overall so we have urban areas then we are favor Milton parts of culture which can only be good for the country today is raggedy and of course so many African artists came from the meal Trenchtown trench on rock don't watch that with your big fish are spread yeah we know that and so sort of course so these urban areas become the melting pot of of culture of course people said about dr. Baker bananas Tania welcome to

35:45 st. Mary then we woke up from food ads which DG remember which one will you cancel and tell me I said we are coming from so we still find that a number of the reggae artists are also from Saint Mary but of course these urban era provide a kind of melting pot our culture and King sodas are is a sublime example Natalia in forgive is so real if you actually so let's look at so many negative urban drift our people move in search of work on amenities the problem we have know in the rural areas is water reason was coming seemed to have taken place in the rural people students were finish high school if they're not going to university become very difficult to get work not

36:31 that each substructure government haven't tried hard to provide business places in this area but what happens that the students some of them don't see their near future being being part of getting a job in a bank ro many banks we have any area because generally other city when students are finished they seldom returned warm they're stealing Kingston's wanna be even stay right here at University rent the room for local longer in search of a job when they get a job then they were in somewhere and and they won't go back home to say hi to their parents are to look for a younger brother and sister at the case maybe so the urban drift itself leave the rural eras bereft of talent bereft of people are earning money that can improve the arid serviço everybody got

37:17 into Kingston our Montego Bay if you're in st. James same geum's is above the western US everybody gone to st. James if you're in centromere is somewhere in sent on everybody condone torture ears because this is where we have Tax Office's government offices banks and you name it in these urban centers so these no become the point of that parish and so what we find is we are what I call an urban drift so in this peak of urban drift that's what we mean people drifted drifting into the urban areas in search our work now overpopulation lead into slums and ghettos no we have seen her too in Kingston Jamaica about 2.6 2.7 million

38:05 people Kingston alone of almost 1 million so we have 14 parishes but one partial you will have almost half of the population you know so you can understand in Kingston will literally be on top of each other how we have high-rise apartment card Alfred Rafa will know we are almost running out of space on the ground so if you look our own kicks on the amount of high rider problem Jesse going up so which is where I keep telling the people saying to people sociologically we live in on top of each other because of course we are getting almost overpopulated in the urban areas in Kingston in Montego Bay so people work work in the in the tourism areas in Montego Bay can't find

38:50 place to rent in Montego Bay you have to go oh come on tickle be fair compromise and so what you find is that more than 80% of the people work in the hotel's live about three or four miles at least from the hotel so you talk about transportation then or tell you finish work sometimes you're on the treat 11:00 shift your finish at 11 o'clock you pass them at the bus stop waiting on a taxi man or to live not like in the night to go home because they live from where the actual hotel is because of course we have this kind of issue of overpopulation so what we find is that we cannot push people further away from the urban centers burden on social amenities such as transportation and open data almost speak for itself we know what up with our transportation we

39:38 have the successive governments of tried to give the City of Kingston and metropolitan area of Kingston Cardiff entry would no port more where the largest dormitory community in the Caribbean we did they try to provide transportation it all is going to be difficult how do you provide transportation at an affordable cost to the consume to the consumer how do you get people from point A to point B reasonable so that they can still afford our reasonable cost of living how do you provide reasonable housing because of course your if you're a new king stone I've seen already the apartment growing up and I went to art so what was surprised for a while in a two-bedroom 45 million I said no I didn't save up

40:25 for two bedroom and I said one two bedrooms I said sir it's 45 million and him don't hit me don't hit me finish with me yes so there are apartments no 45 million for liquid to produce 50 million worse if you are in the so-called Golden Triangle so like what I did when I finish University I bought a house within two years of the university I went over to port more and I bought a house over port more that's what I could afford there are so many people saying but I'm not even import more okay so you can live ampere somebody has market for them by renting from in Kingston we appear 6 2014 5 toes a month you're paying for this mortgage if you're brought up oakmoss you could be selling it now I'm moving to even deal and move up until you get the peace of your choice and so so problem with

41:11 holes in and transportation poverty and crime due to unemployment and competition of scarce resources if you notice again the high crime prone areas tend to be in the urban areas again the population density makes it difficult to police very very difficult he when it turned to the west of this city where you have a trench stone Tivoli little torn and all those other places you start to have difficulties in terms of police in the area because of the population density but not only population density where you have students who have finished school and is no employment card is high level of unemployment especially among youth because of course there are so

41:56 many people after the so few jobs due to the high population density that not everybody can get a job and the result we have is high crime and so on so the competition for scarce resources from for jobs for hosing for food and so becomes problematic so of course you can think of other value there you can think of other negatives are other positive of urbanization these two lists are not exhaustive you can think of I can think of two or three or four more areas of positive and negative so you can read them when the time come for questions and answers so so population questions

42:42 we know can the rampion above eros that you can raise your question about we we will say to you for population bear in mind that there are number of ratios dependency ratio fertility rate the quantity and so on that you're required to know because you will see questions on your examination mcq paper relating to these areas there are a lot of the a lot of the art of terms which you you should know so original art a questions at this point well you can keep family in your

43:32 question time we are live and here at the end of our you to ask questions because remember this is all we learn we learn when we ask questions and we get satisfactory answers to them so please don't be shy we are here to help you no question is in a stupid no question is thinner than a foolish question you're only foolish if you have a question to ask it but no question from me other lecturer every question is a good question so of course I'll move on again to give you some additional information with respect to another area crime remember unit two is what we call applied sociology so unit 1 we go theoretical we look at this series

44:19 we look at religion we look at education and or education and came into the Caribbean in unit 2 we go into what I call applied sociology how do we apply social to crime how do you apply social racial poverty how do we apply so sociology to inequality how do you apply sociology to development and so in this era no I am looking at the applied sociology so we look at the different theoretical perspective on crime again if you did functionalism in your unit one and did it well then you will understand how the functionalist view everything they are very consistent just like the Marxist they are very

45:06 consistent so let's just take a two minute tutorial on functionalism so we said that the functionalist this was seen as whatever a minor or major theoretical perspective it was seen as a major theoretical perspective why did we see it other major circle perspective because of course the the theories took a broad view of society they took a very broad view of society and look to see whole society operate by taking this broad view as opposed to the minor theories the main approach to sociology where they look at society through the eyes of the individuals this

45:53 one these theories took a top-down view of society and look at all the large social institution impact the individuals so what functionalism a marxist conflict perspective our broad theoretical perspectives because they take a top-down view of society and look to see how the of the large social institution the family the economy religion education in a socialization impact the individual and so this is how the functionalist view society so for them what was important to them was social order so they believed that all of these social institutions function to keep

46:40 society in social order let me give an example so you we have somebody who is Western atif a vagrant on society according to the function is what society does is to create social institution called prison police station where we take these people out of society put them in those places for a while so we can continue peacefully in society that's what they are saying that the social institutions were created to ensure that social order is maintained so take for example we have someone with with mental issues so what the social institutions that are the develop Bellevue Hospital we with Sonny theorems

47:27 so these are there to take these people out of society so we don't have to have them interrupt in the daily lives and so these social institutions are created to remove those people out of society so we can have social order so so far the functionalist the main thing is that maintaining social order and so it is called consensus because of course they are saying the reason why we all think alike is because we all have the same type of socialization and we are subjected to the same type of social institutions when you those mostly I know will come to your table at the premier social institution Church or institution in the region and working out to be one of the

48:13 premier one in the world as well you will we don't have to say to you Michel stop it Sabina stop it Jacque Aleta stop it because you would have gone to the CM socialization in high school everybody we're teacher would say when you're in class I expect to keep quiet until II have a question when you have a question Chuck Aleta just raise your hand don't shout me know so but every choice you are doing I have life easier compared to your high school teacher compared to those poor high school teacher that my arts cry for daily I don't know how they do it I think the appears should be doubled if the Primus ever hear me and so on because they have the problem to socialize you so when you come to us here on campus I teach I said an officer

48:58 tries to stop talking because you know you have been so socialized that will come you sit in the lecture theatre you don't carry your boom box and I'm playing some wicked Bob Mollica you know I'm a mile amount listed Amalia turn turn turn yes no but then you come to us you already fully socialized and you sit quietly in class 9/10 of you and you listen to your lecture you have already gone through the socialization so this is why the the function is are called consensus theory because we all have what to corneum of value consensus we know what seems okay we know when if you see a lady on the street hitting a little baby just a 1 hour for two years old I mean we also

49:45 may stop don't stop it because it looked to us weak we can have a value that we have accumulated through our socialization and I don't know that something look bad about that so we said that you have water column our collective conscience we are say if we say two people fighting I want them for the next one because that's your collective conscience so for the function if that's where to call contents of theory so they carry that same conscience of sinking into this social theories of crime poverty the same type of thinking which is why you see if you understand not to SWAT your social such a logical series at unit one you are either to go in Unit

50:30 two because we just apply it's the same thinking and so if you get the think it right then you know exactly how they view social issues so according to them crime it is inevitable as not everyone will be totally committed to the value consensus so they are saying that it not no big deal we will have crime all the time because of course there are people who will not be committed and then we're going to coin in terms of various reasons why people are not probably to the value current sense of the issue of I realized I can't meet this social requirement of society so what I do I develop my own alternative social

51:15 requirement and so I'm then seen Anna Faris I'm then seeing other vagrant and so but we have to understand all of these in order to understand crime and so that is important so in terms of coin under crime crime is functional as it acts as a warning device and causes change provides employment of police or the so what they are saying that that it's sort of the functional purpose because for the functionalist crime serve a functional purpose you can imagine if we never had crime what we do it all those policemen the unemployed whatever we're up tomorrow and is no crime Prime Minister we are glad to unknowns that all the government have

52:02 decided that they no longer be gunmen are gone boys are gone girls and so we'll have no more crime from no one what would we are those security guards what would we disagree to guard what do we do with all what did we do all of our camp so for them for the functionalist crime server function it provides employment it may be a negative function you know but it is still a function it implies a tremendous in fact profits one the biggest industry in Jamaica seeing related to crime just think of all music everywhere there's three four five six seven eight nine ten security guard everywhere every government office every bank on somebody account incidentally obvious watchin cameras arteritis and so so it serves a function so they

52:47 are saying that that it really provide employment for lot of people in terms of police soldiers correction of etc according to Albert Cohen he blamed the socialization of lower-class males into subcultures because they lack the opportunities to access and maintain stream and streamline cultural goals of society know it's you can agree or you can disagree so he saying that the culture that develop at the grassroot level is not good because of course it doesn't provide opportunities to provide the you them with jobs and a good standard of living it doesn't at all of

53:32 course it doesn't say whether some of them choose not to because they are number was robbing and ghettos I need internal too bad for Oscar we choose not to go along the mainstream culture because part of the mainstream culture indicator is to get up early morning I on the streets our robot young middle with some spliff they don't even eat breakfast or dinner lunch or anything but you start to smoke some spliff and then the thinking is that you it's a criminal a favor you just come to me are done big money regularly one yes a alright calm calm tied up yattaman I work here I work for the money so I say to him but I cannot work from my into so but no he wasn't a part of the culture I don't know and some of you are in inner city will know what are talking about

54:18 the photonic on a damn big unite and they never yet did have no intention of working and that become part of the culture so this is what Co insane that'll be my socializing of lower-class meals into subcultures because the opportunity to access mainstream cultural goals so I I don't see myself as being a doctor I've been a bank manager until today toes drop oh they do say it's not a record for me so they just drop out and then they turn to other illegitimate means of getting money and resources so we always have Robert K Merton with us or functionalist whose theory again you may get questioned on so what I did here I put all the various parts of it because I've seen parts of

55:05 it on past papers in fact on the issue of past people's if you cover three are for three to five years of past papers you'd have covered about 70% of the questions yes the question might change in form a change in format but it is along the same vein along the same issues and so it's very important so Robert K Merton this strain theory lower-class persons commit crime because they are not properly socialized and are unable to use the correct methods swatched to achieve collective goals so we thought that okay education is a means of achieving our goals amp you say

55:51 you mind going to school you go to school you go in the world my father just said to me that I better do well in school because turned into crime he will kill me before the police kill me so so may so rest in peace but he was a very good father and because of the threat I stayed away from gangs are still away from gone even aside being distributed in my yard we live because and so on so what Merton here is saying that because they are not properly socialized they are unable to use the current method which is education and again most you know all expensive it is to go to torture institution we are UWA year we try and make it as as cheap as possible for you there are so some community colleges that that makes it's cheap for you as

56:37 well in terms of access in your tertiary education so it is important that you understand so because some people couldn't achieve their goals in the normal ways they turn to alternative means so all of us have goals of I want her holes I want to have a beautiful girl as my wife I want to have children I want you to drive a car so these are normal goals so when the normal population especially those in the lower-class find it difficult to achieve these goals they turn to alternative means of achieving these goals so this is what this is what the strange strange theory is about so of course our current emergent there is conformity where the individual except bought the arms the

57:23 end and the means despite the limited responsibilities possibility of success so ting stuff like for most of us who came on to inner city ting was very tough we couldn't afford some of the extra classes that I saw my friends going to I couldn't afford some of a textbook that I saw my friends because in my Italian school they didn't rent books yeah I had a bad book are coming to the school very simple so we saw that but we didn't let that deter us from our goals I knew that I wasn't going to turn to crime because I saw what happen there is a popular to the trigger dear leader papariga song brothers off turn to crime so they died from time to time and that is so true

58:10 they have turned to crime so they die from time to time so what service did the inspite of the fact that we we didn't have the means of achieving the balls we are limited resources what we can form we can form there are days when out go to KC and what I would do because the data give lunch one is not finished from Tuesday that's in give Monday and shoes and when the enters their Friday a thought or thought of myself so what I'll do I'll do mr. karate so me ask you to come on fight me and and see if you beat me then appear twenty deer that aren't of Tencent and if I beat you you pay me 20 cent and so I developed my skewed as a karateka card

58:56 I fight because I needed lunch money I also started seeing that client from obviously don't steal our people bet me that I can try and form of theater downstairs and not ruin our lunch wanna run gone to the canteen eventually I teach art KC mrs. Anson someone launched a monster Bigfoot come here with a lunch money I do have a new teacher what daddy give him finish from choose it made stretcher window some time and she said no man I'm gonna share my lunch with it today but I'm gonna give you lunch tickets so the school the school provide our welfare Singh do you know that I live kiss you wouldn't call him a welfare to this day but anyway that's what another discussion that disclosure samosa was confirmed so we confirm despite our in spite of our limited possibility of success and and the of

59:42 course if if you watch TV Jay unearthed on the afternoon with feral intern you will see a number of people who started out looking at this wall that is in front of them with little opportunity to scale the world what they did then there's innovation where the individual accept the goals of society we revere it because individual are simply means I uses unacceptable ways to achieve the desired goal so we are positive innovation so except the goal of society unjust world to see what part of it I can achieve what you had negative innovation and why do we have it in Jamaica if it's one set of people can innovate for the wrong things if Jamaicans I tell you are not not bash in Jamaica and what is the truth the

1:00:29 truth if there can be any means our only system after Jamaica so we have negative innovation individual except the means and uses unacceptable waves to achieve that goal so I want a car rather than works by a committee for care that's what I mean by negative innovation I just go steal a car I want I want to live in somewhere nice and Ethan my Star Trek start people somehow a regular income from crime and so on so that's what I mean by negative innovation then we have ritualism they've did a positive one first individual except the means of achieving good so they're desert me for example you wanna come a doctor you must attend University I don't know if know where you can become a doctor by just say you know I know auto caught people and an

1:01:15 order-taker them God God and so on and so forth no you forgot to the ritual of getting into medicine I'm going through the five years of Medicine and two years of internship so you come to you you double a that is what you have to do so it's a kind of ritualistic but then you're the negative ritualism the individual rejects the actual goal so all right so no I mean an ER doctor T in fact not into the lighting we're not in the bank manager t matter of C upon him in the with me talk is Gemma and chill so that is negative ritually card that it's Arabic Rome the ritual you you wake up at ten in the morning the fourth you know you were about a spliff in and mingle you you go on the street corner and then you disappear once it became dark it becomes a crime we don't forget until next morning on

1:02:01 the street corner unless we're the police of you and under some blocking here then we have retreated him here the individuals reject the goals and become self-dependent and may turn to drugs or alcohol again to Burke I retreat you take over literally you retreat into yourself so well I mean under to where art school you know so I'm gonna stop boy and I start going to school school is not who everybody in our school is not her school is not familiar cars in you know how much of your tapas after the first first there are 12 subjects our first memory eco-tour them and MIT middle wealthy quorum but the school didn't for being our coach enormous are

1:02:47 big so you know I really took on the school team that's what up so you retreat so you reject the ball because I know I'm not going to make it in your mind although there are many people at your stage but turned doctor than lied and Prime Minister and and also to become innovators and so on so what you do you turn to drugs and your turn to alcohol in other words I can't make it here I find so means to satisfy my time and so I turned to drugs and turned to alcohol so you also have rebellion both the goals of society and the means of achieving them are rejected and new ones are substituted so you know they say that during that time you're you're between 13 and 19 are

1:03:35 difficult years for for children especially for the male child and so you your turn on adult your hormones are changing your your body's change in annual your thought patterns are changing but nobody the experiment to you or even be patient with you when you are saying but I think differently I don't see that we're daddy I don't believe so shuttle mater Macedon boy but what daddy but daddy but daddy but daddy but mommy but mommy no and so you end up with a rebellious streak until you eject so okay fine and in in my case one of my son I would not listen heard about who knew him I came home one Friday when I saw North

1:04:21 I have run away don't contact me I will contact you of course in watch much TV that was in comment a movie 34 Billy now why he was rebellion he had gotten a report that wasn't too good so I took away all of his electronic devices and so it rebellion was okay all right let's see all this work order runaway car you can feel but I'm crying come looking for me of course I went to sleep my wife went looking for him and so on and so forth but then again that's why I did it both parents for proper socialization I went to sleep god I said to my wife when he does unruhe know himself in can come back home and so on okay so we're moving Arnold from

1:05:09 population and crime and Eva other said their mini-mental Irit I won't be able to cover all of them are we could be here until tomorrow at this time but perhaps we should have Andros Martin where the provide lunch breakfast and dinner and so I could your stock stop eat start again stop of lunch continue talking but the problem Granby more fear would have fallen asleep burden are gone to play a football are going to watch data for a life I am a restless and so on remove ah no to poverty and development let me say something on development before we go into this again is one of those eras that sometime I find children don't grasp the ear of air well because

1:05:57 they don't understand the concept of development when I speak of development we speaking of development of the people the if the people are developed and the conger itself will be developed but we looking at whole development affects the people themselves so we look at so that we have indicators of development we have social indicators I'll go into them in this slide we have social issues of development we have economic indicators of development but what is being done to ensure that people within the country are certain basic things you have democracy so your democratic right is

1:06:44 respected what up into women are women being treated less than human Katya was a time they couldn't even vote even after we have universal adult suffrage in 1944 women didn't have the right to vote so how are women being treated because you can't say that your your develop if you're treating women left are men because why should it the treaty left them in because they did what we call equality of the sexes so they should be treated equally as men so therefore there are many issues with respect to development but over time people we start to pick out indicators

1:07:29 and believe that when if speaker development is only that indicator one of them is GDP GDP is gross domestic product which is the increase in the amount of goods and services produced in our country within a specified time period usually one year one year usually one year so it is important that yes it is important to have good GDP because you need cash to do everything else but you can have excellent GDP but you're also not considered a developed country because there are other issues that are plaguing the country that is with militating against development so it is

1:08:16 important that you understand the concept of development another concept that we expect you to know is that what I mean by sustainable development and this is other set of students when in doubt take the words at their face value sustainable development whole current development be sustained over a period of time so what that means is how do I leave for the next generation the same amount of flora and fauna that I had access to the same sources of energy that I had access to how do I ensure that the next generation of access to

1:09:01 the same amount of flora and fauna and sources of energy that is what we call social development you are insuring by your action for you pay attention to climate change how you pay attention to the use of fossil fuel how you pay attention to to deforestation by doing these things you are insured that the development that you are enjoying will be sustained by the next generation by generation to come so when we speak of TM development this is what we've been so we have development which we have indicators and there are many indicators of development I'll go into them shortly but of course the main one

1:09:47 people look at is increase in GDP because they say you need cash secure was that by self does not say that you're developed is like somebody who who are very bad hygiene very bad we are treating people what have a lotta money it not our for very long for them not going to it may work for a time but won't so likewise if you have high GDP but your other indicators of development are poor then you're gonna have a problem with respect to development so we have many development theories in your syllabus one of them is world system theory again take it at face value world Systems Theory yes Emanuel Wallace teen why world Systems Theory is

1:10:35 it that the world our system or should a world we see another system or should everybody conform to a particular system that become the world system and so these are questions you ask and so what while stein pointed out was ho whilst and of course and boon deFrank pointed out how the countries in the core under contradict or are who recall the developed countries United States England European countries and so on all those countries in the core develop a system to run the world economy where we are the dominate every single solitary time so this is what Immanuel

1:11:21 Wallerstein was talking about so I said sir were developing third world developing underdeveloped countries are being exploited by the developed countries this is part this is always start thinking out the world system the world economic system and measures of development keep the third world undeveloped unlivable countries in the in an exploitative type or relationship we continually after dependent them they'd never turn when things are working for us and not them most of the time things are working for them because of course they are ugly there are the epics of most of what we call developmental organizations I'll go through them in this slide we will look at World Bank IMF IDB is never somebody

1:12:09 from from from India or Jamaica that is the top of the World Bank the World Bank muffin American the IMF must be a European the deputy managing director at a most well American and and the deputy manager at the World Bank worldwide America must be a European so we are exact we are kept in a system that benefit the developed countries but we don't benefit and thus what the world systems here is about the ethereal looked at by Immanuel Wallerstein and II Gunda Frank that the even economic social trading system that dominated by the core conjured in the core and we the countries in the periphery who are the third world countries we are exploited

1:12:58 perpetually so core countries on most of the world's capital and after all the combat if you read the history isn't always a good means by order come to be in charge of most of the world's capital we in the Caribbean we they we had slavery where our resources were exploited and if you read Eric Williams book in capitalism and slavery which is under reading list for this course he has two books in capitalism in capital and slavery is one and from Columbus to Castro is another one if you read those two books especially in capitalism and slavery over freedom showed how Europe

1:13:47 and most of the major cities in Europe were develop on the bucks a slave and a slavery hole when slavery start to flourish it benefited both of these countries in Europe believe it or not and Great Britain so Great Britain holds a debt of gratitude for their development to slavery that's why people are calling for reparation but again that is for another discussion and so on so we continue by saying they are also under global hub hope centers which attract artists and intellectuals from peripheral countries so we have lost a

1:14:33 lot of range reinserted in a process known as brain drain leaving such countries with less abled individuals to help their country's progress I went to a funeral last year in Miami as a leader who was one of my mentor in the church which I grew up mrs. Errol Millard of blessed memory and I was surprised that almost all the people in the church where I was in Philippa Baptist Church in Spanish on were at the funeral what they were in from Jamaica they were all living in America because I was said so when did you when did you I knew I knew I knew I knew I knew I knew because of course we have lost a tremendous amount

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