Recap From The Unit 6 Live Stream! (No Kahoot- Just Notes)

0:00 Hey there everybody on YouTube. Welcome. This is the unit 6 live recap. So if you're watching this, it means you missed the live review. And no worries, we do have another one for unit 7 coming up. And there's going to be two more on Monday night. So if you want, check those out. Monday night, we'll have more of focus on FRQs and multiple choice questions. But today though, we are going into unit 6 and we're going to be looking at cities and urban land use. So without further ado, let's get started. Woo. All right. Uh, and real quick, people were asking this. Um, it is in the ultimate review pack and now all this stuff is free. The only one that I'm doing that's going to be just for the URP as kind of a thank you for those students is this one. That's every theory and model. Um, it's going to be tomorrow 3 p.m. Um, that will be when

0:46 we're actually going to have that. And it's already in the ultimate review packet. So, you'll be able to just click it and you'll go from there. So, if you're interested in that, that is in the ultimate review packet. Um, there will also be another live stream tomorrow at 7 PM and that will be unit 7. That'll be on YouTube and that'll be normal um, just like all of the others. So, just wanted to quick do that shout out there in case people are interested um, or had questions about it. So, all right, let's get started. We are going into the urban hearths here. We're looking at these origin points, um, which for the most part isn't like the craziest thing really a big thing to focus here. Um, don't worry about like memorizing all these. instead focus on how like sight and situation impact um actually why these areas became these

1:32 focal points for these urban areas and why sight and situation factors influence in general settlements. So remember site we're talking about absolute situation we're looking at relative. So absolute things that are just physically there relative we're talking about like connections between other places. And if we notice if we're looking at some of these origin points here we can see a lot of these are all focused around trade. So these are things that are connected to like rivers or an ocean. They're areas that have better access to arable land. So it was easier to kind of start off of growing some of these different um societies. So, uh, the next thing when we're talking again for our concepts here, we're going to get into transportation and realize infrastructure.

2:17 Transportation is a big part of this unit and it influences how people live. It influences how different societies shape how opportunities are provided for people. It can lead to how where people live. So there's a variety of things with transportation, infrastructure, but really understand that changes in transportation, um, infrastructure, communication, all of this stuff is going to influence urbanization. So all of our cities are living, breathing places that over time evolve and change with culture and population and new economic development. So this is a theme that kind of comes up throughout this unit. All right, we're going to go more in depth into that a little bit later. So, I'm not going to spend too much time right now of the examples because

3:03 there's a lot of vocab that will connect back to that. So, we'll talk about that in just a bit. Um, two vocab terms though that we want to highlight is a mega city and meta city. So, these are really easy to mix up on the actual exam. Spend some time then making sure when you're on your actual AP exam that you're taking your time. You want to make sure that you're reading carefully. Remember a mega city here we have a city with more than 10 million or more residents while a meta city is an area with more than 20 million. And that's easy to like mix up on the test because if you're reading really quick and you accidentally skim read, you might flip the terms in your head. So definitely don't do that. You want to make sure that you get that correct. The other thing with these that

3:49 I want to just kind of highlight here is notice for some of the locations. So when we're looking at these projections, they're located more in the periphery. They're located more in like semi-p periphery countries. Some of our core countries, which again here when we're talking about that, we're looking at economic development. So periphery or semi-periphery is focusing more on less economically developed areas where core would be more economically developed. Um but a lot of these cities now are starting to locate more in these less economically developed areas. So that's one pattern and trend that we're seeing with some of the distribution of these cities and that also connects into stage two of that demographic transition model. We have these areas that have really high population growth rates and a lot of people are moving to urban

4:35 areas and so their cities then are expanding where some of the more economically developed areas are seeing a slowdown. our population growth rates are decreasing like in the United States we talked about for unit two our TFR that replacement rate is actually under um in the chat let me know what is the replacement rate so what number is the replacement rate if we're below this number that means we're actually shrinking as kind of a society our population is decreasing there yes it is 2.1 2.1 2.1 yes 2.1 and that's connected again to that um the TFR there so yes awesome job so we can start to see connections between our different units um already starting to come. Now, one of the things that you want to also have an idea of is as we start to see more

5:22 economic development happen, one concept that you might see on the AP exam is urban decentralization. So, this is a movement where we see our population starts to kind of shift away from the core urban area into more like the peripheral areas. So, maybe we're starting to see more suburbs take place. maybe we're starting to see um some boombs or even the exerbs um people are kind of shifting away and now when that happens that means money is leaving that urban area power is leaving there voters are leaving so we start to see some shifts in resources and that is urban decentralization so have an idea of what that term means it is in the CED it could come up on the test um and generally again it's this movement of a population away from like the core urban

6:07 area to more like the periphery rural areas there. So, kind of connecting into um also counter urbanization, we can make a connection there. So, hopefully that helps uh there. Next concept that I want to talk about when we're looking at urban areas um and this one has some negative environmental impacts to it and it is urban sprawl. Now, realize and we can put the definition up for you here. Urban sprawl is just this unrestricted growth, this expansion. And in the chat, let me know. Do you know where this is? So, do you know where this is? So, let me know in the chat. Um, but this is where we continue to see this urban area just expand. And you can notice we don't have green spaces anymore. Everything's expanding over. Uh, people are saying Seattle. People are saying uh Shanghai,

6:53 Phoenix, um, Boston, Atlanta. Nope. Nope. There we go. Found one. This would be Tokyo. So, Tokyo, if you look at images, it's massive. It's just this concrete jungle. So, um, this would be Tokyo. Yes. Not New York City. That was one there there. But these are Tokyo. The city here is Tokyo. Um but urban sprawl again often times it ends up replacing arable land. It ends up kind of expanding um and taking away from uh the surrounding environment. So Tokyo is a massive massive place. All right. Couple other things. So for ver vocab here we also see some new land uses some forms here. suburbanation and sprawl has led to this decentralization. So again, when we're

7:39 talking about urban decentralization, we're talking about that power coming out of that urban core and kind of shifting to some of the other areas um that are in that periphery. So not necessarily in that center there. And that is in the form of money, of resources, of power, of votes, and things of that nature. So these are three terms that are in the CD. You want to be familiar with them. One is boomber. So we can see here this rapidly growing suburban area kind of developing its own unique identity. Exerb is a settlement that's going to be outside of that suburban area still connected to the metro. Um not as many um opportunities here so smaller area. And then edge city when you see the term beltway so generally beltway we're talking about kind of like a highway

8:26 some connection there. So that is going to be um factored into a couple of things that we'll talk about later when we look at some of the models. Um but it might be where the edge city has like a a big hospital or maybe like a college campus. Um highway interstate, same thing. Yep. So that could be um if that helps you. Yeah. Depending on where you live, you might call a highway something different. So that could be there. But generally edge cities have a very high concentration of something like businesses, a shopping center. They have different goods and services. they're a little bit more self-sufficient there. So hopefully that helps. Um the one thing they don't have everything. So they still have some connections to a larger urban area. And uh one thing too in particular with exerbs that is the

9:11 one that's going to have the lowest population density. So there people will have a lot larger of a lot size. You'll be able to have more space. It's more likely that places are going to be more dispersed. If we want to connect back to settlement patterns, that'd be more the excerpt. Um we're in edge city and stuff. It's going to be a little bit more uh compact, per se. All right, another vocab term here is world city. So, um I realize I'm going fast. There is a lot in this unit. So, um the goal of this hopefully is that you've already learned these things. We're trying to get it right back into your mind. Again, I interact with the chat a lot more towards the cahoot part. That's where we'll go more in the back and forth. Um but we got to be able to get through all the notes. So world cities here just realize these are major cities that have an influence on the greater global

9:56 population. So this could be through their economy, their culture. Oftentimes we see like stock exchanges located here. You could have embassies located here. Um if something happens in these cities, they there's this ripple effect that they go through. Um Paris, New York, Tokyo, London. Yes, all of those would be examples. Awesome. uh thank you for helping people out in the chat. So it's always great when people interact and can help them out. But those would all be examples of world cities. So have an idea there. World cities generally too are going to sit on the top of this urban hierarchy. So these have a lot of ability to diffuse different cultures and ideas um throughout the periphery areas and then also the global community. Another term, speaking of

10:41 this, that I actually want to make sure we just review again, I mentioned it with unit five, um, but it's linkages. Um, and linkages, a lot of times students just kind of forget to study this because it's not like a core key concept, but it's one that could come up in a question or in an answer. And so, you want to have an idea of it because I don't want you to get like thrown off on the test. Linkages, just remember, are these connections between different places, industry, sectors. Um you can think of like communication and migration this flow of goods and services. A lot of times we could even connect to break of bulk points which would be from unit seven here which remember is where we're transferring from one means of transportation to another for example like a shipping port. Um the boats come in. We're going to take all of the freight off. We're going to put maybe on a train or it's

11:26 going to go onto a semi. Um so it gets transferred there. So linkages are these connections and quality infrastructure leads to um more linkages there. Uh all right, next part is going to be our size and distribution and with that comes the primate city and rank size rule. So I'll put these up on the screen linkages. I quick looked over some people are saying for the gravity model you could connect linkages to a bunch of different stuff and we're going to talk about it again in unit 7. So, anytime we're talking about like global trade, generally you could connect the term linkage in there because you're looking at infrastructure, you're looking at supply chains, you're looking at shipping and all of that stuff. So, we'll be uh bringing it back up. I just wanted to make sure that you knew what that word meant just in case it comes up

12:13 on the exam. But, Primeade City's rank size rule, when we're looking at this, just realize primate city here, this could be like South Korea, Mexico City. Um, I try take a screenshot here. It's a little bit blurry, but if we look at Mexico City is significantly larger than the rest of the cities in Mexico. The same is true for South Korea as well. Um, if you have a primate city, realize one of the things is to take this and kind of go to the next level. That means you're going to have more of your opportunities, more of your resources, more of all the jobs and economic things happening located in that one primate city. So, it's more likely then that the country might have some inequalities um

13:00 particularly in the distribution of resources and opportunities. People might have to travel farther to get different services um if they don't live in that primate city. So, generally that shows us that there is uneven economic development happening. And one risk of that is if anything happens to the economy of that primate city. I mean the rest of the country then is really going to feel that then. So that's going to be an issue there. You kind of are all of a sudden putting all of your eggs in one basket. Uh we connected yesterday. We looked at actually uh commodity dependent. So if the majority of our exports are uh focused on one commodity like over 60% we're really dependent on one thing and if anything happens to that the economy is going to go down. It's a similar concept here where that primate city has a lot of the power, a

13:45 lot of the opportunities. So, have an idea there. Uh, rank size rule. So, here I'll make it full screen so you can see it. Again, realize you don't have to worry about doing the math on the actual test. So, are you going to have to like calculate out a scenario and do all the division? So, the rank size rule, we're looking at the population of the city. Essentially, the second one's going to be half, then a third, then a fourth, and going down. Uh you do not have to have um a calculator. You're not allowed to have a calculator. Uh you're not going to have to do that. You don't have to calculate out the densities, arithmetic, agricultural, physiological, but you want to understand what they are. Sometimes knowing the formula can help for the rank size rule. You want to understand that that second settlement will have half the population that the third is going to have a third and the

14:31 fourth is going to have a fourth. and realize this generally shows a little bit more even economic development um because we have opportunities kind of spread throughout um society. So different places then have different um cities. It's not all just focused on one massive like primate city. So an example here we could look at could be Canada. We could look at um Brazil. There's a couple others. Some people look at the US. Um so this is looking at rank size rule and primate city. So have an idea there of it. Um, yes, but don't worry about like trying to calculate out the math. Some people in the chat I can see are like trying to say like, "Oh, do we have to do this? Should we calculate?" You don't have to do math on this test. So, uh, you don't have to worry there. All right, we're going to go on to our next component here, um, which is

15:18 interdependence. So, we've already been talking a little bit about linkages. We looked at, um, world cities and interdependence. Again, we talked about unit five. It comes up in this unit and it comes up in the next unit. This just realize is this reliance between different groups, organizations. It could be different regions. Um and it's where people depend on one another. Countries today do not exist in isolation. Um we looked yesterday at exports and imports of food and we saw countries all over the world are trading and so we there is a dependence that occurs. So interdependence, just realize if you see that it might get used inside a question or inside an answer um similar to linkages. It's not like a main focal concept, but it's a term that

16:04 could come up. Um so it helps to have an idea so you don't get thrown off, but it's just focusing on this mutual reliance between different groups and organizations. So hopefully that helps there. All right, the next thing that we're going to be going into is the gravity model. So, this comes back in this unit. The last time we talked about this was with unit two. Anyone remember um where we talked about this with or who it was connected to? Let's see if we can figure it out and I'll try to pin it on the screen. So, this is connecting back to unit 2. It comes back again in unit 6. Um gravity model again. We're looking at So, some people are saying migration. It does. That is the part. Yes, Ravenstein's laws. There we go. Uh yes yes yes Ravenstein Ravenstein um and

16:51 his laws of migration. So he talked about that counter stream that occurs. So remember if I travel to like if I'm we'll go this way. If I live here and then I'm going to travel over here where there is now like a connection there's also a counter stream that gets created. And with the gravity model realize when we're looking at this the larger the place the larger that city the more opportunities they have the more jobs the more money the more resources the more infrastructure the easier it is to get there. And so there's a greater pull factor that brings people in as we see smaller places. Even if they're closer, they're more likely to still interact with um these large areas. So for the arrows here, the thicker the arrow there, the stronger the pole. You

17:37 can think about it too if you want is like a planet. The larger the planet, it's going to have a bigger gravitational pole pulling other things in. uh even if there's like a smaller planet maybe closer to a different like star or something there uh it's going to get more pulled into the larger one. So you don't have to worry about the math on this or anything like that. It's just really understanding the concept and the idea there. Um so hopefully that kind of makes sense. So just realize the gravity model is looking at the likelihood of these places interacting and it's factoring in the size and then the distance. Those are the two factors that it's really looking at and again the larger the size there bigger pole. All right, speaking of different places, we have to also talk about the central place theory. Now, the central place theory consists of threshold and range. These are two concepts you want to know.

18:22 Anyone know what threshold is? So, threshold, what do we got? What do we got for threshold? Uh, someone's saying for Raven's laws, I'm not going to go over all the unit two stuff again. So, if you want, you can check out that live stream or my videos. There's a ton of stuff there. Um, so we're not going to go into all of that right now. Um but that would be from unit two. Uh the amount of people need to support the city. Okay, so we could talk about city minimum out for a business and this is where it's interesting. Central place theory can connect to businesses and services. We can also look at different settlements as well. Yes. So this is that minimum amount. What about range? What about range? So again threshold is the minimum number of people that are actually required to support any good or service. So that is part of that requirement there. Range is the absolute distance or

19:09 sorry the amount the the amount of distance yes someone is willing to travel for a good or service. So range is looking at kind of that pull factor if we're looking back to the gravity model there. How far will people travel for this good service the settlement whatever may be. Now for the central place theory if we want to look at settlements one of the things not to get overwhelmed on we can see some hierarchies form here this little urban hierarchy. So the larger our settlement the greater the pull. Um notice the cities in the center there. Also notice the village which would be on the low end of our urban hierarchy here. Notice how where they're located. They're all surrounding a larger place. uh they can't necessarily exist just in complete isolation on

19:56 their own because they don't have enough goods and services um to be able to support themselves and so they will surround these areas and then they're connected by like realistically we'd have roads and stuff here um that go through it. Um again notice too as we move up this urban hierarchy. So urban hierarchy we're ranking by the size where we're looking at the amount of population for these places. Uh notice that the one that's second, the town, those can be a little bit farther away from our city. And then our market towns kind of surround both. So that way they always have access to these areas. So what we're looking really here is a spatial distribution of where cities are located. Um and we can kind of see this throughout like the United States. If we look at the south, we can see this in a variety of ways in real life. And it it makes sense. Um, if you ever play like

20:43 the game Sim City or City Skylines, it uses a lot of the concepts from urban geography. Um, for a while actually I used both. I used to actually Sim City. We would teach it um, this unit by just playing Sim City. One of the things that students would make the mistake of is they try to build a town right away and they put a police station in, a hospital, they'd have fire department, they'd have a high school, an elementary school, a college, all these services, which was great, but they couldn't actually support it. Their population was more of like a village. It was a very small area and so they'd go bankrupt because they couldn't afford it. And so that's why we see today a lot of different settlements don't have all the goods and services. They have to rely on other places interdependence here. Um because their populations do not support a larger thing. So that's looking at crystalaller central place theory. Um real quick too with that we

21:30 can also connect into goods and services. So for example the more specialized a good or service is the longer the range would be. So for example, um football teams like professional football teams or basketball teams, any pro team, they can have a big stadium that has a large range. People will travel a long distance there. It also has a higher threshold. It's more expensive. So generally they're going to locate in a larger urban area and they're going to locate closer to like airports and things of that nature which allow for people to quickly get in and out. Um, if it's something that is not necessarily unique like a gas station, a gas station is super important. Everyone needs a gas station. Um, but the range isn't that big. And that's because you're only going to go to a gas station when you

22:16 need to. So, you'll notice we'll have a lot more gas stations located throughout a city uh than we would of like a specialty um resource or service there because the gas stations that range is smaller. I'm only going to that gas station if I'm in that area and I need gas. Again, range is the distance that people are willing to travel for that good, for that service. Threshold again is going to be the amount of customers needed to support it. And realize with threshold, it's not just the actual numbers. It also depends on other factors that we get from the census. So businesses realize that, hey, um depending on what I'm selling, not everyone's going to buy it. Like if you're opening um a Ferrari, if you're going to start to sell Ferraris, you you're not going to just look at the population of a town, you need to look

23:02 at the median income as well because you have a certain threshold that you need of money that people are making for them to actually afford your cars. So there's other factors that go into it. The cool thing with honestly the central place theory is like this is businesses using this all the time to determine where should we open a new store. Like where I grew up, we had two targets in our city. Uh, and they originally when I was growing up, I thought, "Oh, that's weird. Why would they build a second one? They're going to take away from each other." But Target knew that they were actually in two different kind of regions created. Their range only extended so far from the city because it's more densely populated area. So, they built another target on the other side to then attract that part of the city that they weren't capturing in their market. So, there's a lot of stuff there that can connect into the real

23:47 world. Hopefully, that helps a little bit. All right. Hopefully this is making sense. We're going to go into everyone's favorite part, which is the urban models. I know they're great. They're awesome. And for the urban models, I'll probably just leave them on the screen. I'll kind of explain some concepts of them and hopefully that'll help you out. Um, no, you love them. Awesome. We got someone who loves the urban models. Um, yes. Yay. I've heard a lot of people Yeah. Okay. A bunch of people now are saying like, "No, these are terrible." Um, yes. Gotta love it. The Urban Models, there's a lot of them. I get it. Um, also some people ask about the CD. I have a link in the description. Otherwise, just Google AP human geography CD and it'll pop up. All right, here we go. Let's get into it. Here is our first one. Um, I can take this off so we can see the whole

24:33 thing. So, when we're going through all of the urban models, realize we're looking at this distribution of where different activities are located, where different people are. Um, so we are talking about spatial distribution here. The bid rent theory does impact these. We're going to talk more about that a little bit later. So, we're not going to talk about at this exact second here, but bid rent theory would connect into these aspects. So, with our concentric zone model, we can see our decreasing density. As we're moving further out, that density is going to decrease. So, we're going to go from more high density, medium, and low. And that's going to be similar for a lot of our models here. Uh realize that lower income residents typically are going to be found in this zone of transition. We might have more immigrant families and stuff that are living there. Um, as you start to move out into these

25:19 workingclass homes, um, we start to see some, uh, older homes there occupied by people who are working in that CBD, u maybe in that zone of transition. And then as you get out to finally the zone of better residence, you're also getting into the newer homes. There might be some more space that's out here. They might be a little bit more dispersed. People are more likely to have some single family homes here. Front yard and a backyard have a little bit more um, opportunities there. when you're more closer into that CBD, you're going to have more multifamily homes. You're going to have uh more apartments and things of that nature. So, all of this starts to shift on what's going on. Again, that zone of transition model generally is where we see some more of the lower income residents. Um this is where we're going to have more of those apartments and stuff um there and also some industries as well. All right, Hoy

26:06 sector model. Um here we go. Big focus we can see right away is transportation. So notice right here we are now trying to factor in transportation. Now one thing real quick all these models we can see that actually because of um advancements in transportation advancements in communication in internet social media they've all started to change a little bit. Our cities are very complex like I said at the start of the stream. Um they're almost like living organisms. They evolve over time. And so some of these models have shifted for sure. they're not necessarily as accurate as maybe they once were. And that could be something to even focus on when studying. What are aspects that work of these models and what are aspects that do not work? And maybe that could come up on an FRQ with like an explain question or explain one limitation or

26:53 explain the degree. So, all right, we're going to quick get back into this. Um, some people in the chat, don't worry about like memorizing like the names of every single individual person here or like the dates and stuff. Some of them like the Hoy sector, the Burgus concentric zone, like the names in it. So that's part of it there. But all right, other things with the Hoy sector model I just want to kind of focus a little bit on here is uh one of the things we can see is a lot of the industries. So what's unique here um industries and our different businesses are going to locate near these areas. So next to the transportation, it just means that it's easier to get goods in and out of the city. So it makes sense. If we actually look at like where a lot of car dealerships are, they're located off of highways or interstates um because it's quick to get their product in and out um which then helps reduce

27:39 their costs. They also use a llomeration. They all kind of group together. Glamoration comes up in our next unit. Um cool. All right, next one. Multiple nuclei model. Just think of it as like multiple nodes centers. One of the things here when we're looking at we got a bunch of different more zones here. Um just realize essentially these nodes attract different people and will push different people away. And so for example, if we have a hospital that is built, we'll see more doctors actually live by that hospital. Or if we have factories, so if we have some factories like over here where six is heavy uh manufacturing, we're going to see maybe then more people who work in this area locating in like zo. So maybe some lower economic class levels there, maybe some medium as

28:25 well. But generally what this one's looking at really is looking at how cities um start to see different areas form based around the activities um that is happening in those particular areas. So these kind of center points um one thing it still has a central business district. So if we're looking at this this area that's elevated would still be our like most densely populated area. So this center point here is still going to be the most densely populated. Um some people in the chat are saying like think of it like a cell where it's kind of living. You got the model the nucleus there. That's great. Yeah, think of it that way. That can help a lot. Um, the other thing too with those nodes, realize they also attract people, but they also push people away. So, for example, like that zone six, the heavy manufacturing might attract more people around that area who are lower income,

29:11 who are going to be working those jobs. However, the people that are going to be working more um in a business district, they're not going to be as interested living there. So, it's going to be a more of a push factor for them for that part of the city. They're going to live in a different area. So we can see some division there um that can occur. So each area kind of pulls and goes apart. A node here is going to be like a center point. It's going to be something that's going to like attract people, bring it out. Think of it almost you could connect a little bit into like a functional region from unit one. So um the node that I kept referencing is six there where it's like a heavy manufacturing zone attracting the workers to that area. Cool. All right. Yeah. Centrifugal centrial. You could connect into some of that as well. All righty. Um, going on to the next thing. Again, don't worry about like connecting

29:56 this into like 500 different real life cities. Just focus on understanding some of the models, some of the pros, cons of it. Um, and again, how they've changed. Um, there is no city that's like a 100% one model today. All right, the next one is the galactic model. This is one that kind of factors in here when we're looking at it. Um, edge cities. We have this beltway going around. So, that's one thing that is unique with this. This is looking at more like aspects of like modern-day transportation, infrastructure, technology. Um, it takes into account that people kind of live outside of those city boundaries and that they might travel in. And all of this stuff is due to advancements in infrastructure. So, it's trying to kind of update um a little bit more of these uh city models here. So, we can see we

30:43 have different areas like a shopping mall, service centers, things of that nature. This beltway though, beltway would be this highway or interstate system depending on what you call it from where you're from. Um, could be different there. So, this is the only one that has edge cities and this beltway factored in. If we go back here, we can notice these do not. They're not factoring in a beltway or some of this modern infrastructure. So, uh, hopefully that kind of helps. That's the thing that makes this one a little bit more distinct. So, again, focus here on advancements on technology and transportation, which the other ones don't focus on. All righty, going on to our next ones. We're kind of leaving. So, so far real quick, the ones we've just kind of talked about are looking more at North America. Um, that's the focus there. Now, we're looking at we're going to look at Latin America, subsaharan

31:28 Africa, and then also the East Asian one. These are the ones that are in the CD that you want to have um a good familiar um grasp with. So, with Latin America, we can also connect back to unit four. So, we have some stuff with colonialism here definitely impacting it. So realize during this colonial era, a lot of these cities are centered around this kind of like market, the central plaza. Um if we look at the cities today, there's often a church located there. Um and then we have kind of this spine. A lot of times actually some of these things would connect out to like a port and then we' be able to export goods. If we remember back to unit 4, some of the colonialism there um and imperialism, the focus there was on resource extraction. So they're trying to st take stuff out. Um so that is aspects of it. So we can see the spine,

32:15 the mall here, the market, the CBD. These are remnants of uh colonialism. So the spine today would consist generally of the wealthier residents, these higherend commercial activity and connecting to these different commercial sectors. Now outside of the CBD, we can start to see this kind of zone of maturity. So this would be kind of five here. So this is where we start to see some of those older homes. Some neighborhoods maybe have had gentrification. We're going to talk about gentrification a little bit later. Um, but anyone remember what gentrification is? Anyone remember gentrification is? What do we think? So, we are going to go into it because gentrification comes up later on. But, um, some people asking squatter settlements. These are going to be informal settlements. They don't actually own the area. We'll talk about

33:00 that actually in just a second. Um, essentially, yeah, more wealthier people move into an area. it pushes out lower income individuals. So, renovations in an old neighborhood. Um, poorer people do have to move. So, that would be kind of an impact of it. Um, realize gentrification generally is because this area, this neighborhood starts to get fixed up more, more people move in, the property values start to go up, taxes start to go up, and then it displaces lower income residents that were already living there. So, that would be gentrification. So, hopefully that helps. Uh, there. Cool. Um, one of the things too on this outside here when we're looking at um, different components like these dismenity zones, these are going to be our lower income areas. A lot of times we have a lot of informal economy jobs here. So ones that are not regulated by the actual

33:46 government. So we're looking at these zones kind of right here. These are also going to be areas where we might not have services. You might not have access to clean water. You might not have access um to quality infrastructure. So that is some of the stuff about being in this periphery area. Alrighty, going on to our next thing here. Um, it's informal settlements. This is going to come up in the other units or sorry, other models as well. So, that's just the definition for it. We already kind of went over it. I'll wait for just a second if people are taking notes. But realize informal settlements, they sometimes are called fllas. They could be called squatter settlements. Um, a variety of different names depending on where you are looking in the world. But we're really looking at areas where residents have built structures, but they don't legally own

34:31 the land. So, they have no legal authorization. And that leads to a variety of issues. They'll lack basic services, infrastructure, legal protection. It's easier for exploitation to happen there because you don't have necessarily as many rights. So, that would be an informal settlement um that you want to be familiar with. All right, going on to our next city model here. We're moving over to Africa. Again, we can see the impact of European colonization. I mean, we have one right here, the colonial CBD. Now, notice when we're looking at this, notice how this is like kind of this grid shape that is also kind of a remnants of the Europeans and colonization. So, very kind of like traditional European architecture would be found there. It's this grid form. As we start to get more and more into

35:17 eventually we have the traditional CBD or the market zone, you'll notice it's a little bit more um different shapes. It's not as formal. The market zone is where we're going to have actually a lot of informal um uh sellers participating there. So that is an aspect of this colonization that has occurred. The other aspect I want to highlight too, notice how the roads, so when we're looking at this, these roads kind of divide different ethnic neighborhoods. um and they create division. That is again another aspect of some of this colonialism. So apartheid for example, we can actually see some of the continued influence of that today. The spatial arrangement of these roads and these streets actually was kind of set up in a way to create distinct ethnic neighborhoods and all of

36:04 these are legacies of that colonial era. So one unique thing again here is we have these three CBDs. Um, otherwise again this informal satellite. These are going to be these like squatter settlements, these areas where they don't actually own the land. So, uh, hopefully these are starting to make a little bit of sense. Again, I realize there is a lot on all of these different things going on for the models. Um, you're not like going to get an F or you're not going to get like a multiple choice question that's like which of the following perfectly shows exactly what every single zone is. Um, but they're more going to be focusing on do you understand the main concepts of them or the influences or that spatial interaction. So, have an idea there. All right. Next one is our Southeast Asian city model. This is our last one. Um, realize with this

36:50 one, this port when we're looking at it is one thing that's really unique here. Uh, we don't have a traditional CBD and this is because of the location of these cities. So, the port zone is where we had a lot of trade going on. um a lot of international kind of people coming here, a lot of foreign exchange. That's also why the government zone was here. This was really just to monitor um this western commercial zone and monitor the port and make sure that we're not having influences that we don't want actually coming into um the city. So that's why the government was kind of located there. So there's mainly the reason why we have the port. One, it's due to the geography. So a lot of these cities are located on an island or peninsula too. We already talked about it but some of

37:36 that colonialism and the trading. So they acted as trading posts during the colonial era. A lot of western countries came to uh trade there. And then also because of the rapid urbanization these cities uh experienced. We can see here the density as it kind of expands outwards. Um one thing that's different we have a little bit more integration. So here we have like these zones of we have like nicer communities but we also have like squatter settlements kind of mixed in. So again, some things that kind of stand out. This alien commercial zone um is going to be referencing some of these foreign investments and these people from outside of the actual state. So people who are um trading and traveling in these areas um and then again the production would happen kind of back here and then be able to go out. So hopefully this kind of helps with the

38:22 urban models. There's a lot there. Um don't panic if on them. um they're only one part of the test. There's a ton of concepts in this class. Um so yes, we have those seven models. Um they are in the CD, so they could be on there, but you never know what'll actually happen on the AP test. But one aspect of the models that we mentioned and we need to talk about it is the density gradient. And this is going to connect more into that um bid rent theory. Uh someone's asking about the Islamic city model. You definitely could study the Islamic city model. I went over it in class. It's not stated in the CED. Um, so that's why I don't have it on here. I tried to just focus on the things that College Board put in the course exam description because College Board has said the CED is actually what we're using um to

39:09 figure out what's actually going to be on the test. All right, the CD is that course exam description. All right, I got to get back into the stuff. I got to stop looking at the chat. Um, like the stream. Yeah, very kind of like the stream. Go for it. Sure. Share it out. All right, density gradient though. Realize we're talking about a gradual change here. So generally the more we're at that urban core, you're going to have a higher density. As you move away, the density starts to drop and that changes. Not only does it change what buildings are going to be constructed, what they look like, it's going to change how much space people have, it's going to change what different um services there are. It's going to change how far people have to travel. So this is referencing that density gradient. If you looked from like a top view of a city and we kind of

39:56 zoomed out, you can kind of see it change as we have a lot more vertical and it gets lower and lower and lower over time. So, we have one kind of example there kind of um I know everyone's split on the AI. I just use the AI to try and make some quick images um for some of the stuff, but everyone's split on it. I get it. Um but this was kind of trying to show that gradient a little bit. Um but yes. All right. So with density, I'm going to go over high density, medium, and low. Realize when you're focusing on it. So again, density, we're talking about how many people are located in one area. This is different than population distribution. So remember that from unit two. Um, but when you're focusing on the densities, I want you to understand how that impacts

40:41 life in these areas. So realize that high density areas, people are going to have to rely a lot more on public transportation. they are going to be closer to different goods and services. They're going to be more likely um to actually be able to access stuff quicker. Highdensity areas are going to also have a lot more access to tax dollars and so they're going to invest more in public transportation. They're going to have more possible unique cultural landscape, vibrant communities. They offer a lot of social and economic opportunities for residents. Um but and this is a but if density is or sorry if the city planning is not done well. High density areas actually can have a lot of issues as well. Poor urban planning, a lack of quality infrastructure um can result in food deserts. We could see

41:27 more um economic inequalities um that could occur. We could see some urban blight that starts to happen. Disenity zones as all of a sudden these areas become more poor. They lack services. Crime rates could go up. So, it's important that city planners um take things into account when planning and think long term. Now, as we move out of that urban core, we start to get more into medium density areas. We start to see our buildings kind of shrink a little bit. High density, we got a lot of skyscrapers. You have tall buildings. People are going to build even underground. Like if you go to Chicago and you go in the CBD, you'll notice like there's parking garages underneath. They go under. And that's because space is limited. Remember bid rent theory. When you're close there, land is more expensive. So, what do we do? We build

42:12 up. We're not going to just build out. So, we don't see as much horizontal. We see more vertical. Now, medium density, it's still more expensive. We're still closer there. Um, but we do start to see some changes here. We don't have as tall of buildings. We might still see some lowrise apartment buildings, but we'll start to see more multifamily. Maybe we see some single family homes. We start to have some people having a front yard and backyard. So, there's some changes that start to happen here. Restaurants and stores still are relatively close to people u but there's a little bit more distance there. So maybe you're driving now a couple minutes, but uh we start to see the space um starts to appear. And for residential too, realize we start to see a little bit more variety. So we might see some town homes here. We might see some duplexes, triplexes, single

42:58 family homes. And it might be that they're all in one neighborhood. Realize duplex, triplex, um we're looking at multifamily homes. So duplex would be like two people are actually um living there. Um so it's a split essentially home. It's different than a twin home, but we don't need to go into all of the different types of homes, but um but we start to see changes with medium density areas, medium density populated. The last one then is low density. So this is now we're getting farther and farther away from that urban core. Now we definitely have a lot of single family homes. People are driving to get different goods and services. People have a front yard, a backyard. Um there is space. there's a lot more green areas. Um, people are going to be driving a lot more, so that could lead to air pollution and some negative impacts there. Um, you're going to be pretty dependent on your personal

43:43 vehicle. Um, we're going to have also a lack of different um, automobiles. Um, sorry, not automobiles. Um, I don't necessarily have a script, so I'm just trying to like go through all this stuff. You're going to have a lack of public transportation here. And so some of these services that once existed in that urban area uh you now aren't going to have access to as you're in these lower density areas. So you have to travel farther. And actually we go back to Crystalar Central Place here just to make another connection or realize that Crystalar central place this is one of the reasons why like those villages had to be connected and closer to a larger urban area. They were lower density and so they actually had to connect there. All right going on to our next thing. It is infrastructure. So here would be infrastructure. Just realize this is

44:31 roads. It is going to be our our pipes, your internet cables, fiber optic, all of that stuff. It's going to be your power. These are things that allow people to function. The city to run and function. And the location, the quality of a city's infrastructure is directly affects it directly impacts the spatial patterns of economic and social development. So where we have different goods and services, all this stuff, it impacts how people are able to live. So infrastructure can connect to a variety of thing. Airports, we're look talking about infrastructure here. Highways, um when we're looking at roads, when you're looking at the lanes there, trucking stuff, u when you're looking at the ability like for Minnesota in the winter to be able to plow the roads, we have

45:17 infrastructure for that. So all of these things, infrastructure is huge. Um and cities when they don't take care of it can run into some pretty big issues and one of the reasons why generally infrastructure gets neglected is infrastructure is expensive. It is not uh cheap and so politicians don't always want to divert money towards it because it doesn't necessarily get votes but it's something that's very important for society uh to be able to function. All right going up next when we're looking at society and function we're going to start talking about urban sustainability. So realize urban sustainability is going to be an environment, an urban specific environment that promotes sustainable economic and social growth. It's also focusing on environmental sustainability as well. So it's a little bit broader

46:02 here. Environmental sustainability is just going to be looking more at that carrying capacity. We're be focusing of our natural resources. But urban, we're also looking at economic equality, social equality. Are people having opportunities to succeed here? Economic sustainability would be do cities have economic growth that's open to all residents, not just certain parts of the city. Is small businesses being able to happen um throughout the city's different neighborhoods, entrepreneurs, local development. Now, social sustainability is going to be focusing more on different opportunities that residents have that could also connect into housing, education, health care services. That would be more of social. So it's important that cities focus on these things because it allows cities

46:48 and individuals to thrive. Now one of the ways in which they can do this is through zoning. Zoning we can see is how government regulates how land can actually be used and how it cannot be used. So when we're looking at this realize um these areas are zoned that allows certain buildings to actually be able to be created in each of the zones. So you got commercial, agricultural, residential, industrial. If we want, we could connect this also back to our land use patterns. Remember, we talked about that in unit one and we talked about in unit five. So again, some of these concepts coming back here. But zoning is important. It allows cities to have a plan going forward, which allows them to have growth then in a way that can promote sustainability, economic, um, social, and also environmental. It also

47:36 makes sure that we don't have some issues that pop up in these areas. Um, one thing you might see too on the test, municipalities, it's just a local government unit here. Um, but one thing to realize is that actually the fragmentation of government can create some problems for cities and individuals. And when we're talking about fragmentation of government, so this is in the CED. Um, what we're looking at really is the different levels. So, we got like our national government, we have um our regional governments, you have your city government, you might have a county government. There's a variety of different things that impact it. Majority of the stuff um when we're looking here at different cities, the cities are the ones who are going to control it. Like the federal level, they don't really have a lot of say on what

48:21 happens at um urban planning for cities. What they can do, the federal level can is they can say, "Hey, we want to promote certain things or we want to promote certain projects. Um we'll tie funding to it. So if you want this extra money, uh then you got to do this. But if you don't want to do it, that's fine. You just don't get this money, this tax revenue. So, they normally connect in there. Uh some people are saying like Houston doesn't have zoning. Yes, some places don't use zoning and it works just fine. Um it's kind of an opinion there of does zoning is it impactful? Is it not? Up to the individual there. Um but yeah, there's places in Texas that don't have zoning. So, uh that'd be up for the people who live there. Do you like that? Do you not like it? Does it create issues? Or maybe you don't even notice it. Uh one thing with zoning, so again, just if you ever play games, it's kind of fun. City Skylines um and also Sim City the OG um uses zoning but like

49:08 this is an example like we create some of this industrial zoning here generally why I would put industrial to the side we can notice already some pollution so I want to keep that away from some of the residential I have this major kind of highway or interstate going through here so a lot of our businesses are located here which allows easy access in and out of these areas to get both goods transported in but also allows people to actually come into the area to purchase stuff Um, so that's one of the factors there. So it's kind of interesting how cities are set up. Each one's different and they each have different impacts of it. Um, these would be examples of zoning. So like the green here is residential, the blue is commercial, and then the yellow is industrial. So this zoning is saying, um, hey, you actually can only produce this type of building

49:54 or you can only create these industries in this particular area. So hopefully that helps there. All right. Next concept um is mixed land use areas. Mixed land use buildings in particular. And generally these are going to come up when we're looking in more medium or high densely populated areas. Every once in a while low density area might have one but not as much. And a mixed land use building is an area here. A building that'll have different activities actually in the same building. So generally here we can put on the screen an example of it. Um but on the bottom it's common you'll see um some res no sorry not residential you're going to see more of the businesses that are located here. Um and that's because they don't mind that it's louder on the street. They don't mind that there's more traffic, more congestion and stuff.

50:40 Um they actually kind of like that. So you're going to see more of the shops on the bottom because it allows them to actually get foot traffic which will increase sales. On the top is where you're going to have your residential. And that's because for the buildings, they can get the most money because now you have a view of the city. And this is also where you'll have less noise pollution, too. And sometimes, depending on the size of the building, you might get some offices and stuff in the middle. So, this would be an example of a mixed land use building. Um, again, you normally are going to see these in that kind of medium to high density populated areas, but realize that might come up on there. All right. Another thing when we're talking about these cities, realize we have walkable cities. Walkable cities is a term. It is exactly what it sounds like. Cities that are promoting people to be able to walk to different areas. They're trying to

51:26 promote more sustainable things. Walkable cities are going to use mixeduse buildings. They're going to have things located in close proximity. The goal is that you don't have to get into a car to drive somewhere. So, it can reduce some of that congestion on the road and it allows people to have more access to different goods and services um because they'll be closer to them. Another thing too with cities. So, a couple more terms here and I'll actually just put them on the screen. We have a lot of vocab coming up. So, just heads up on that. Um, a lot of vocab coming. Um, but we have transit oriented development. So, realize here, um, this is this urban planning where we're going to strategically locate these public transit stations throughout a city. The goal here we're trying to reduce people using cars. So, a lot of times we're

52:12 focusing on these compact cities, these mixedus areas. it ends up creating more pedestrianfriendly communities. Um the other one here, new urbanism, don't mix it up with smart growth policies. So you can see the definitions there. Um both these concepts, so new urbanism and smart growth policies um do focus on creating kind of functional sustainable um urban environments. But new urbanism is more about kind of the specific design uh the the feel of a smallcale kind of neighborhood there. whereas smart growth policies address a little bit more broader policies. So they're mo focusing more on managing urban development and resources and the use of efficient use of resources across this larger area. So hopefully um that kind of helps there. These terms though have

52:59 come up on the test. They we've had FRQs on new urbanism before where there's been like a picture and you've had to connect it to it. So a stimuli component. So realize some of that stuff there. um want to just spend some time with the vocab so that way you don't panic on the actual test. All right, green belt is our next vocab term here. We can see some examples right here. Um we're not going to spend too much time with this really. It's an area of land where we are essentially leaving things um blank. You're letting like the environment be there. It's intentional. We are not allowing development to occur here. And so it's for generally recreational purpose. It could be conservation. Um, this is generally found outside of an urban area. So, you can kind of see this big green belt, this stuff here around like London. Um, so that would be green belts there.

53:45 Another vocab term. All right, infilling. So, infilling is a term that you might see on here. This is where we're starting to see buildings that are going to be built on an area of land that's unused or underdeveloped. So, here we have this like kind of vacant lot. Should have just put this on earlier. So, here we have this like vacant lot instead. And so, instead of having urban sprawl. So if we connect into urban sprawl, remember urban sprawl is unrestricted growth going out. Some cities will focus on infilling. So instead of having that where we're replacing our arable land, we're replacing our um green spaces. They'll say, "Hey, let's find these lots here and actually develop it. We'll make some mixeduse buildings here. We can make more walkable cities. It's a little bit more sustainable. Uh we won't have

54:30 to continue expanding outwards." So, it's a smart way to try and increase one the density of the area, but also make sure that we have more um services and goods for people in that area. So, that would be infilling. Hopefully, that one kind of makes sense uh for you. All right, the next ones we have slow growth cities. So, um I'm trying to go through all the different terms there. Just slow growth cities is kind of what it sounds. it's an urban area that they're actually trying to be more sustainable by limiting some of the actual um growth. And oftentimes they're doing this to reduce like urban sprawl. They're preserving open spaces. And one of the ways they could do that is actually through growth boundaries. So growth boundaries, remember, are a boundary

55:16 that's going to be put in place to actually prevent anyone from building outside of it. So growth boundary can be great, and I can put the terms up if that would help you out. um growth boundary can be great. The one thing it's going to do though is it's going to increase the density of the city. That means you might start to see u more gentrification happen. We might start to see uh more displacement of lower income people because if we're not going to be allowing people to expand outwards, if we're going to now say like, hey, this boundary only development's happy inside there, we're going to start to see buildings go up higher, the density goes up. what we know if all of a sudden the amount of demand goes up, our supply is here, that's going to raise the prices. So, there is some negative consequences that could happen from it. Uh, the last

56:03 one that you might see, smart cities. Maybe you'd see it on there, maybe you wouldn't. It's not a big term there, but these would just be cities that now are utilizing um different technology and data. And the goal here is to reduce some of these inefficiencies. So, that would be the focus there. A lot of times like for example we can see that some of the smart technology like with stop lightss now or tracking like where congestion is they can use this stuff to better understand exactly um where pain points are in the city and then they can implement policies to try and address that. All right. Uh someone was saying why would a city want to stop urban sprawl? Generally why you want to stop

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