Recap From The Unit 4 Live Stream! (No Kahoot- Just Notes)

0:00 Hey there everybody. Welcome to the Mr. Sin channel. If you're watching this, well that means you missed the live stream or maybe you're re-watching it, which props to you. Way to be a good student. Uh but we are reviewing unit 4 today. So this is the recap of the live stream. We got a ton of people here. So make sure you check us out tomorrow at 7 p.m. Central time for unit five. Um it's a great time on here. The chat's buzzing and we have a lot of fun. So without further ado though, let's start talking about unit four, political patterns and processes. Woo. All right, starting off right off the bat. What's the difference between a nation and a state? Got to know this. So, uh, what do we got here? What do we got? So, coming together as a chat. Here we go. We'll do it. We'll split it this way. Let's see.

0:47 I'll pin some comments here. Nation people. Okay. Uh, can we get any more specifics here? Nation is bigger. Okay, we needed more specifics. Um, nation is a group of people. The state is the sovereign state. All right, we're getting closer and closer. Nation is the people, the cultural group, self-determination. All right, we're starting to now get a little bit more detailed there. Um, the state is the government or the country. Nation is people. So yes, when we're looking at these, so remember a state consists of a permanent population, defined borders, a sovereign government, and is also recognized by other states. And a nation is that group of people with that shared

1:32 culture and language, the history, homeland. Um they might have self-determination as well. We'll talk about those concepts later on, but make sure you don't mix that up on the test. You got to keep nation and state uh separated. um we have a lot of terms like a multi-state nation or a multinational state that are going to come up and if you don't remember what nation and state are those terms become even more difficult. So another thing too remember with state we're talking again about that like defined borders the permanent population recogniz um recognized by other states and so that is a country. Now it gets confusing for all of us in the United States because we also call our states states um which they would be like subnational. They're below that national level. So don't make that mistake on the test. Realize that

2:18 um you'll do just fine. All right let's quick take a second here. I'll make this bigger so you can see. What do we notice? What sticks out? What we're looking here at Japan, the demographic profile. What sticks out here? And what term could we connect this to? All right, I already got some people saying um almost a nation state. Nation state. Um some people are saying they're old. Okay, so connecting back to some concepts maybe we talked about in unit two. Nation state. Nation state. Anyone? Why are they a nation state? So I'll put it back up again. What shows here out of this data? What is leading you to believe that? So if you had like an FRQ or something and they're talking about nation state, uh how do you know that? All right, we have homogeneous mostly Japanese. So again, yes, we're looking

3:04 at quick. Oh, thank you very much. Um uh okay, there we go. Um so when we're looking at this, we can see that 97.9% of the ethnic groups are Japanese. So, we're pretty much as close as possible to a nation state. Remember, when we're talking about a nation state, we can break it down. Nation state, we have one nation in one state. The state is primarily made up of one nation. Hence, nation state. So, even if you blank on the test, some of these terms, if you just take a minute, you can break down on your own. Um but here we can see again 97.98 or 9% that's pretty much one ethnic group that would be then a nation state. So this would be an example

3:49 there. All right. What do we notice here? So we're looking at the United States. How does this differ from Japan? Strict immigration. That would also be part of it. That is correct. Yes, that would be part of it there. What else do we got? So the United States I can see we have different cultures. Yes, we have a lot more diversity, many different ethnicities. Um, and it' be an example of a multinational state. Yes. So, multinational state. Correct. Again, connecting to our vocab. We're looking at different components stimulus. We're looking at data here. And how can we connect it to different terms? Multinational state. If we're breaking it down and I think yes. So, remember multi I have that highlighted there. Multi means multiple. What is multiple?

4:36 The nations. We have multiple nations, one state. Nation, state, nation's highlighted. There's no s there. It's no multi-nation. It's just nation. One nation, one state. So again, on the test, I realize right now this is like, well, duh. This sounds really easy. But on the AP test, you're going to be stressed. And oftent times people make mistakes because they read too fast. Always highlight. You can highlight on the digital exam. These terms are really easy to mix up because you're going to panic. you're going to want to go quick, highlight it just to slow you down. And then that way too, you'll also focus on these like key differences. So hopefully that helps for multi-state nation um or multinational state, sorry, and a nation state. All right, next one. Let's do another one here. What do we got? What

5:23 political entity would this be? What what term could we connect to here? So we're looking here at Korea. Looking got two different maps here. What do we got? I'm seeing nation nation. Okay. Um a little bit more specific a demilitarized zone. This could have a demilitarized zone. Although I do want to focus if we look at this. Um notice neither of these are focusing on the DMZ. So the DMZ would separate these two. This is where you can't have any military there. But that's not the focus here. So what term could we connect to? And I'm seeing a multi-state nation. Yes, multi-state nation. That would be a term that would definitely connect here. Remember if we break it down multi-state so before we were talking about multinational

6:10 multiple nationalities multiple nations here we're talking about a multi-state so two or more states what's split between the two or more states last part of it nation so we have our nation split between these two different states in this case it's just two could be more but this would be an example of a multi-state nation so again if you blank on some of these terms Don't panic. You can break them down. I know you can do it. So, hopefully that helps with breaking these up a little bit um and being able to see some also real life examples um that connect into these. All right, what do we notice here? So, what could connect? What political entity could we see here? Eventually, we're going to go back where do a little bit more notes. I'm trying to go through all these. All right. So, I'm seeing a lot of stateless

6:56 nations. Stateless nations. Yes. Uh, anyone know why why would this be an example of a stateless uh nation? Stateless nation. So, couple people are saying it already. Some people are saying landlocked. Landlock could connect to if you don't have any access to the sea there. Um, Kurdistan doesn't exist. It was supposed to exist. Um, but it never came to be. Turkey ended up invading after World War I and it just never came to be. So, the Kurds are a nation. The Kurds have self-determination. They have their own culture. They have their own history. They have what they would say is their homeland. Other states would disagree there. Um but they don't have the Kurds do not have an officially recognized government. They don't have defined boundaries. Um and so they are not a state. So they would be a

7:41 stateless nation. Now there's a bunch of different examples of stateless nations. Some people are talking about Palestine. You could connect into Palestine as well. Sometimes people look at Tibet um which Tibet the Tibetan people have a long rich history. But Tibet now is part of China. China says it's an autonomous region. We'll talk more about those in just a minute. The Tibetan people would disagree with that. So, a lot of kind of back and forth when we're looking at politics here, especially on the global scale, but this would be an example of a stateless nation. So, you want to make sure you're familiar with that. All right. Uh, speaking of these, I'll put them on the screen. Yesterday, some people said it's helpful when you can just read it for those taking notes. Uh, we have autonomous and also semi-autonomous regions. Realize this is just looking at the amount of

8:27 essentially autonomy from the larger state. So an autonomous region would be an area that is located within a state that has a lot of autonomy. Now what that means is they have a lot more power and control um over their own rules, their regulations. Uh they're not 100% independent. They're not a sovereign state by any means, but they have a lot more uh flexibility to do what they want. Semi autonomous regions on the other hand are areas that have like a moderate degree really. They don't have a lot of opportunity to do too much because the larger state whenever they want to kind of move in they're going to move in and kind of force their will on it. So we're looking really at the amount of autonomy the independence kind

9:13 of within the larger state there for these two terms. Cool. Speaking of sovereignty, sovereignty is going to be important to understand. Um, basic definition here, we have the authority of a state to govern itself, including domestic and internal affairs. Now, just realize that when we're talking about domestic, we're talking inside our own boundaries, internationals, everything outside of you don't have sovereignty, you are not then going to be a state. That's one of the things like a stateless nation, they don't have their own sovereignty. They're not fully recognized by other states. they don't have their own sovereignty. Another part of sovereignty, and we'll talk about this a little bit later, but you want to make sure you're familiar with it, is challenges to sovereignty. No country today, as much

9:59 as maybe people want to believe, no country operates in a bubble. Even the United States, we trade with other people. We have military alliances, economic alliances, environmental ones. We got a ton of stuff. Uh we cannot just do whatever we want in the world stage. there is other implications that can happen because of that. Uh like one example of that is like when uh Putin invaded Ukraine for the second time. So not with Crimea uh but when they did like the full-scale invasion the US we wanted sanctions and European allies agreed. Um, but we actually wanted heavier sanctions quicker. But our European allies, a lot of them actually got a lot of their natural gas and oil um, from Russia and they were a little hesitant to do that because that could

10:45 create an energy crisis for them. So even though we wanted to do certain things, we had to kind of hold off because we couldn't do stuff that would hurt our allies. So even though we're a sovereign country, it doesn't always mean that we can do whatever we want because there are consequences that we have to be aware of. And we'll talk more about the different stuff uh later on when it comes to sovereignty um and specifically challenges to it. Now, one concept I've kind of mentioned already in the stream before and it's one you want to make sure you're familiar with and it is self-determination. So realize a nation has self-determination. This is that right or desire for a nation or this group of people to govern themselves. So a stateless nation has self-determination but they don't have

11:30 their own state. So self-determination if you hear that fancy word just realize that is the right the desire of a nation a group of people. They want to govern themselves. They want to have control over their own domestic affairs. They want to have control over their own policies and their way of life. Oftentimes the reason why nations want this is because they're trying to protect their own culture and identity. And so they want to be governed by people who share similar things and values um and have a history there. So self-determination, don't forget to study that term. It will come up on the AP test. It has multiple times before uh because it can connect into these different terms here. All right. Uh kind of continuing on as we go through. Um I'll try to get to the chat in just a little bit. I want to try to make sure the first parts of these streams are very kind of focused on the notes and

12:17 helping students kind of process everything. Um I'll put these two definitions on the screen. One of the things when we're looking at history, you do not need to Oh, someone has a Bluey icon. I don't know why. Hello. I like the Bluey. It's a quality show. I don't know why. I just saw Bluey like on the side. Great show. Anyways, uh back on track. Uh when we're looking here at history and we're looking at all these different political processes, realize you don't need to memorize the dates. You don't need to know the names of all the ships. You don't need to know the names of all these explorers. You want to understand though how the world got shaped. How did different places interact with one another? How did that shape the cultural uh landscape? And so

13:02 colonialism, imperialism are stated in the CD by name. Remember colonialism, I have it on the screen there. It's where we're actually occupying an area. So generally like a colony is being set up and a lot of times we're exploiting it economically. Imperialism does not necessarily involve it having an actual colony there. This is more of the policy or the ideology. Uh you're still trying to exert influence or um power over another place, but it's not always through just physically occupying it. And we'll later connect it to neoimperialism, which is looking at more modern day um which is what multinational corporations do and a lot of core countries do to semi-p periphery or periphery countries. So, we'll talk about that though in a little bit. So, if you need the definitions, here they

13:48 are again for these two terms. We're going to move in like 10 seconds to the next one. I see some people asking more about uh neoimperialism. We will talk about that in just a little bit. So, we're going to go more into that as well. Cool. Going on to our next part, we have boundaries. So, uh one thing with boundaries, realize that boundaries can be defined. And so if a boundary is defined, it just means it's fixed. It's set in place. Boundaries can also be delimited, which would be this process of actually drawing it on a map. So if you see delimited on the test, that's all it's referring to. It's drawing on the map. And they can also be demarcated. This is where you're actually putting up a wall or a sign or or some physical marker trying to show where the boundaries exist. Uh and

14:35 boundaries are kind of weird if you actually think about it. Like countries, states, they they don't necessarily exist. like they we have constructed them. They're in our mind. Like I live in the state of Minnesota, but we only know where the boundary is because we've delimited on a map and we've put like signs up. Otherwise, you wouldn't know because it's not there. Um so boundaries again, you need those three things for a boundary. Now with boundaries, when we're looking at this, these are the different types of boundaries that you want to be familiar with. So relic, superimposed, anticedent, geometric, subsequent, and consequent. These are the boundaries that could be on the test. So, you also want to be able to connect into the real world um with these different boundaries. So, realize like a relic boundary, I got the term there. An example could be like the Berlin Wall.

15:22 So, that boundary still exists today, but it's no longer active. People aren't actually focusing on using the Berlin Wall as a divider. Superimposed. We're going to talk in a little bit of the Berlin conference that led to a lot of superimposed boundaries in Africa. Um that would be where a foreign state comes in and creates boundaries for different people. A lot of time one negative with that is that they're going to not necessarily create boundaries always that are what best for the people that actually live there. So it could lead to conflict and things later on and see you didn't think of ancestors. We're going back in time before the cultural landscape existed. Um so part of actually uh Canada and the United States their boundary which is also geometric boundary an example there is an uh it

16:08 was uh drew before the states were actually states and we had that area developed um there's actually some cool pictures if you Google it where like they've just cut down the forest like a straight line uh to create the boundary there and so geometric would be the next one it's a straight line we have a lot of geometric boundaries all over the place actually if you look at a lot of the western states of the United States you'll notice like there just squares. They're just going off longitude and latitude. We have geometric boundaries there. It's just straight lines. Uh subsequent and consequent boundaries are normally where um people actually get them mixed up more. Those are the ones that are a little bit more tricky. Consequent is actually um a form of a subsequent boundary. There's different definitions online. College board goes off of subsequent being one that

16:53 develops along the cultural landscape. So if you look at a lot of the eastern European countries, those would be subsequent boundaries. Um where a consequent boundary focusing on dividing ethnic groups or linguistic or due to conflict. So you can think like C for conflict there for consequent. We're looking at like India, Pakistan um or Ireland, Northern Ireland there. So a boundary is created actually to divide different ethnic groups and it's again due to those conflicts there. So these are the types of boundaries though you want to be familiar with for the AP test. uh they're specifically listed in the CD, so they could come up on an FRQ. They could come up on the multiple choice. All right, let's see who's paying attention. What is this an example of? What do we got? We'll mark it on the

17:39 screen. Take a second. Okay, sorry about that. Um, yes, it would be relic relic. Um, demarcated. Okay, that could work. Um, yes, we're looking at like the different three parts of a boundary. Um, but this would be specifically a relic boundary. So, if we're looking at that. All right. What about this one? Again, we're seeing who is paying attention, who is not. Um what do we have here? Uh some people

18:26 for the last picture there of the Berlin wall. So real quick going back uh this would not be ancedant. So anticedent boundaries are created before the cultural landscape. The Berlin wall was created after the cultural landscape. So that would not be an example of ancedant. Um just for clarification there. All right. Geometric. Geometric would work. Um why the last one was relic. It's relic because the Berlin Wall, there's parts of it that are still around today, but it's no longer an active boundary. So, it is a relic of the past. You think about like we can observe it, we can see it, it's still impacting there. We had some sequin occupancy, but is no longer an active boundary. So, that would be why there uh yes, geometric. Geometric again could also be anticedent. So, if we're looking

19:12 at like particular the western part there. All right. What do we got here? Which one would this be? What do we got? Superimposed. Superimposed. Um, anyone remember what event? What historical event connected to this? So, what historical event? Uh, sequent occupancy. Again, remember we're looking at how past cultures have shaped the cultural landscape. Essentially, this is ways in which cultures have left their mark on the cultural landscape of today. So, for example, like Aztec ruins or the Berlin Wall, they're remnants from the past that still shape our cultural landscape and societies today. All right. Um, looking here, what was

19:59 the event? Trying to find Berlin conference. Yes, Berlin conference. Um, again, for superimposed boundaries, these are boundaries that a state that is not located. So, for example, for Africa, which remember Africa is not a state, it's a continent. Don't mess that up on the test. Um, but a lot of the African states, so the countries inside the continent of Africa, their boundaries were created by Europeans for during the Berlin conference. And so they didn't create their own boundaries. So that would be a superimposed boundary. It was imposed upon them by a foreign state. So you can think it's imposed, it's put on them. Um, this was due to the colonial powers. Yes. Yes. Um, this event also got known to as a scramble for Africa. So, speaking of the

20:45 Berlin Conference, here's kind of a political cartoon of it. You can see European leaders and countries here. They got the big map of Africa kind of carving it out. Realize that the Berlin Conference, it is in the CD. Again, you don't have to know the dates. You don't have to know all of the different things about the specifics of this event, but you want to understand how it shaped Africa. I mean, it led to boundaries that were created that didn't represent the cultures that lived there. It also created states that were kind of reliant on their European counterparts because they were designed in ways to export resources out. Uh, in unit seven, we'll talk about Rusto's model. We'll look at some of the core periphery um, and the

21:31 world system theory and this kind of exploitation that happens and the dependency theory. All those, don't worry about knowing now. If you know them, great because you only need for the test. Those are unit seven. That is happening right here where we're starting to see a lot of European powers create African states in a way that benefits them. And African states lost because then they were losing their resources. And then eventually when states became independent, when we saw independence movements happen, uh they were still kind of reliant on their actual colonists or the the the colonizing powers, the colonizers. And so that led to some other issues down the road. But be aware of the Berlin conference um specifically again with Africa. All right. If you do need more help with any of this, I got a whole little cheat sheet there that kind of

22:17 breaks down the different types of boundaries. There's also a quiz if you want that looks at different scenarios and then you're trying to pick which type of boundary it is. So if that would help you out, great. Check it out. It's in the ultimate review packet. Um this Sunday too, we're going to do an exclusive stream just for the URP. So all my stuff for all the units is going to be free on YouTube, but we will we will do one uh for the URP people. Um but that'll be on Sunday. So another benefit there. If not, no big deal. All right, let's go into the next one. We got a bunch of vocab here. Here we go. Um I'm going to put this on the screen full screen so people can see um what they're looking at. Um one territoriality was on Oh, real quick. Yeah, the Berlin Wall is different than

23:03 the Berlin Conference. Don't don't mix that up on the test. So, if you if you're putting the Berlin Wall down, it is different than the Berlin Conference. I just saw that in the chat. Um those are two separate things. So, territoriality was on the test in the past. It was an FRQ. I think it wasn't last year, it was the year before, I believe. Um I'm pretty sure a lot of students kind of forgot that. This is one of the things with the AP test. Any vocab term that's in the CD is fair game on the actual test. Territoriality is actually one of the standards in there. It's clearly in there. This is the connection that people have to their their culture, their economic systems to the land. Essentially, how you communicate ownership of an area. So that's territoriality. Shatter belts. You can see there we got this region caught between these external forces. I

23:50 always like to think of the Cold War there where you got the East and the West and they're kind of converging on Europe. the iron curtain splits it. You don't have to know all the dates or things or the significant people with the Cold War. Just an example, it's normally easier for students to remember um because you have these two ideologies clashing and all these states that are in between had to pick a side. They have to pick a side and so they're being pulled in different directions and they're not being pulled in a way that's necessarily beneficial for them. So that would be a shatter belt. There's negative consequences there to being in it because it creates more of an unstable region. Neoc colonialism is more modern day. So, um, when we're looking at neoc colonialism, this is the use of political, cultural, economic power, and you're trying to influence or control another country.

24:35 You're not doing colonization here. So, you're not trying to set up a colony. You're not trying to actually occupy that area. Um, a lot of times the two ways you see this most common in on the AP test is going to be with like multinational corporations, which would be large corporations. This kind of connects to even seven. um that exist in multiple countries like the United States has a lot of them. Uh McDonald's, Apple, um Tesla, all these ones that are selling stuff, they have factories and production facilities all over the world. Um those sometimes do it by exerting their power, their influence over areas for cheaper labor. If we're looking at the international division of labor, um again a concept from unit 7, we'll go more into on unit 7. Um and they'll try to extract that to benefit them so they can get cheaper goods. We also see that with core countries so or

25:22 u more economically developed countries. So in my videos if you watched on YouTube I talked a lot about Africa how Africa has had a lot of necialism happening from China. China's been investing heavily in infrastructure um building dams building roads building factories building rail and they're using this to influence a lot of the African countries. They give them cheaper debt, then they're indebted to China. They give more loans to people that vote with China in the UN. So, countries that won't recognize Taiwan as an actual state. Uh, China's more favorable to. So, it's it's trying to shift some of the world power in favor of China. So, that would be an example of neoc colonialism today. Uh, and then choke points. Anyone know what a choke

26:08 point is or examples? So, I'll try to pin some up there. Um, and I'll put it on the thing. uh neoc colonialism versus imperialism. Realize neoc colonialism is more modern. Imperialism we're kind of looking historically um and imperialism is this like policy of influence there. Neoc colonialism is we're looking more contemporary. So for today, Suez Canal would be one. Uh straight of would be one. Panama Canal would be one. The Hormoo Straight would be one. All of these would be choke points. Um yes, choke points are super significant. these this is an area that you have to pass to reach a destination especially when we're looking at any choke points that deal with trade on the global level. Um so a lot of these ones that deal with waterways a lot of money goes

26:54 through those. Any country that controls that can have a lot of influence. If you were to theoretically shut some of these that would have major disruptions for the world economy. All right we're going to go to our next concept here which is the law of the sea. Um this would connect into Yunclo um which would be the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea. Uh know the different zones. So this is one you just got to kind of memorize it realize that you got your territorial you have your contiguous and then we have our exclusive economic zone. If you are from there like or not from there sorry past the exclusive economic zone then you're in international waters there. So realize here 200 nautical miles miles is the exclusive economic zone. If you find

27:40 anything like oil or a fishery or natural resources in that EEZ that then is owed to the country like the country has control there. Um generally when we're looking at this the closer you get to land obviously the closer uh you are to the actual state and so the more power and control they have. as you move further and further away, uh, it starts to decrease a little bit, but you can control like what military ships are allowed to go in there, which ones are not. Um, you can pass different laws. Once you get past the easy, so over 200 nautical miles out, uh, then you don't have control. So, then it's open uh, for other states, per se, there. So, that'd be the law of the sea. Uh, one thing I want to connect to, one of these days, it's going to happen. I think we're going to get South China Sea FRQ one

28:26 day. One day. I I don't know if it's this year. I don't know if it is. Um but I CC Bill asking what if they overlap. Uh that is what is interesting with the South China Sea here. So one of the things you can see China we'll quick get the little laser pointer. There's some really good vox videos on this if you're interested. Um China's been like so these are reefs and what you can see here is originally there isn't really anything here. All of a sudden we have these structures appearing and over time they expand. China has been building islands in the South China Sea. Um they're what they're trying to do is expand their EEZ and so they're trying to expand it and control more of the area. Now the reason why the South China Sea is really important one we got some choke points here. So let's stray Malaka

29:12 here where that could control some Z. There's a lot of oil there is a lot of resources in this area. Now this red line is the nine dash line. China goes off this old naval map that they found and they're like, "Hey, we don't acknowledge the law of the sea here. We found this old map that traced this whole area and this all belongs to China." Now, we can see Indonesia, we have uh Vietnam, the Philippines, all these, if we look at their EES, we have some overlap and stuff. Uh all of these though, they're like, "Well, no, this is our area." In the US, we have actually been involved in this area as well. we have navy out there um because we try to help enforce the law of the seas. So if there's overlap, if there is um tension,

29:58 generally you'd go to the UN and then you'd figure it out. Now China hasn't accepted the UN on it and so this has become a more um kind of contentious thing. US will drive ships through that area. China will get very close. They'll send their military out. China doesn't want us there. Um so we'll see. There's some people that speculate if we have a war it could be due to the South China Sea because of the amount of trade and control there. Uh and the one thing here you can see too the Spratley Islands this is a lot of tension here because all these countries are trying to actually have control uh over these islands just to say that like hey we have access here you can't take away our control. So it's a very contentious area. It's a great example of international conflict, territoriality.

30:43 We could connect it into the law of the sea. We could connect it into boundary disputes. Um, we could connect it into challenges of sovereignty for other states. So, that's why eventually I think it could be an FRQ. Um, it is an interesting kind of event going on in the world and it's always developing. So, we'll see. Yeah, it could be allocational boundary disputes for sure. All right, going on to our next thing. We're now shifting from the global stage and going into internal boundaries here. So actually talking about voting districts. So these are looking at more the local scale. So remember a voting district here. We got this geographic area and it's just to hold elections. So a lot of the schools in which all of you attend um probably during elections actually are polling places. So a lot of

31:29 people go there to vote like during presidential elections. A lot of people go to schools, churches, um different community centers. They're where they actually go and vote. And so depending where you live, you live in different voting districts, go and vote. Gerrymandering is this process of redistricting. Anyone know when we um do redistricting? Like so how often does it happen? I'll try to pin a comment there. Um now redistricting the reason why it happens. So it is because of the census. Anyone know? 10 years. Every 10 years. Every 10 years we get redistricting. So, every 10 years. That is correct. With the census, not 10 hours. That would be crazy. Uh, but yes, every 10 years. Constitution. Yes. Yes. All right. Cool. Theoretically, what's supposed to happen

32:15 is you're supposed to make new districts that just reflect the change in population. Now, gerrymandering is technically illegal. Uh, however, both parties do it. Um, and it is when you are trying to kind of skew a district to favor your political party. So, this can happen for a variety of different ways. Generally, the two main ones, packing and cracking. So, cracking, we're actually trying to spread like-minded voters out across multiple districts. Packing, we're trying to just put them all in one spot. So, if we look actually at this image here, this would be a competitive district. So, it's been redistrict. We have our four districts here in a fairway. All of these, if you notice, blue, blue, red, red, blue, blue, red, red, blue, blue, red, red. None of the dots change, but notice the outcomes of who wins. This middle one, the blue

33:01 wins. This one here, the red wins. All of this is because of how the districts have been created. This is gerrymandering. When politicians go in, they create these weird shaped boundaries to try and favor their political party and to stop the other political party from actually taking seats. Now, sometimes we can see um they'll actually be fine losing one seat. So for both these example like here the red party gerrymandered uh the districts they couldn't get all of them so they just kind of made it so only one went to blue. Uh and same thing over here the blue just packed all the red into one so that way they could win the others. So this is gerrymandering. Again realize that this is a very local thing we're talking about. Uh some states around the world they have third party

33:48 organizations that actually try to create the redistricting process in the United States. Our politicians do it. Some people have said that we should use um actually like AI to do it or we should actually have algorithms do it. We try to take some of that out um the human element out of it. Politicians would argue against that. It's a whole thing. So jerrymandering technically illegal. It can get challenged in court. Uh but it still happens. So that would be gerrymandering. Cool. Going on to our next thing here and it is forms of governance. There has been FRQs on these before. The two that you need to know is unitary and federal. And don't confuse federal with devolution. Uh we'll talk about devolution a little bit later, but sometimes people uh in the past have made mistakes where they confuse like federalism with devolution. So don't do

34:35 that. You won't get the point. But remember, when we're talking about forms of governance, we're really looking at how is power distributed. So how is power spread out? Now the two types that you want to be familiar with are right here. It's again unitary and federal. So realize unitary a lot of times we're not giving much power to the regional governments. So the central state that national government they are controlling the majority of the stuff federal is sharing it. So like the United States has federalism. So our states have regional powers. Um the national government has powers. So that would be an example there of federalism. Uh a lot of times what we see actually is um unitary states often are actually nation

35:22 states. So they have a more of a homogeneous population. That's not always the case, but it can be where a lot of times multinational states will use federal um or federalism there. The reason why multinational states is because they're trying to represent those like regional um differences. They have a lot more diversity. So they're trying to be able to account for the differences between um the groups of people. And a lot of times too when we're looking at it, um, federal can exist in like larger states. So geographically it's larger. So there's more differences in culture and, uh, the different expectations and needs that people have. Again, not always, but sometimes. So those are some general rules of thumb that you can kind of go off of with there. Um, cool. We're going to go to the next thing there, which is devolution. We're going to talk about.

36:09 So take a second. Here's these terms um that you want to be familiar with. Um, devolution is this transfer of power from the national government to a regional government. Realize that's different from federalism. So I said earlier, don't make the mistake of swapping these terms. Federalism or federal when we're looking at it, it's just looking at how power is distributed. It's shared. Devolution is this transfer of power from national governments to the regional. It's the actual transfer happening there. Um, sometimes devolution can cause a state to fail. So it could create a failed state. The state will split up. Um sometimes it just involves actually transferring power over and the state stays together. So different things can happen. We're going to be talking a lot more about devolution in just a little bit there. Uh going back to our terms,

36:55 realize in the chat people are saying, can we put it back up? Uh ethnic separatism. Again, remember here when we're looking at this, this is this person or group they start actually identifying more as their own ethnic group than as citizens of the state. So this will most of the time result in them wanting more autonomy, more political power. So this could lead to devolution to occur. If we see ethnic separatism happening, they're going to start demanding more power, more autonomy. We might see them the national government have to give up some of their power. And so that could cause devolution, this transfer, or it could cause also a fracturing in the state. This could lead to devolution where the state actually splits up. Uh ethnic cleansing. This is again just when a government attacks an ethnic group of

37:42 people, the goal is just push them out of the state or to remove them. Sometimes it can be for making it where conditions are so terrible that the people just leave or it could be imprisoning them. It could be attacking them. It could be not providing support or services for them. There's a variety of things that could happen there. Irudentism is the one that a lot of students mix up on and a great connection there for it is Russia and Ukraine or honestly also you could connect it into uh China and Taiwan. So both of those are centered around trying to reunite parts of a nation that are actually between two boundaries or two different states or two different borders uh depending on how you want to look at it. Um, so with irudentism like

38:27 Putin, if you read some of the early speeches he gave when he was talking about Ukraine, he didn't view it as necessarily attacking a sovereign state. He was like, "No, Ukraine is ethnically Russian. They should be with us." Now, obviously the Ukrainian people disagree with that. The world has disagreed with that. That's been abundantly clear. But it's a form of irodentism because that eastern part of Ukraine does have a lot of ethnic Russians. And so Putin used that as a justification or at first with Crimea when he took Crimea and then later down the road to invade um actually Ukraine. And so that's one of the reasons there that connect to irudentism. So hopefully that helps for seeing some like real world examples trying to take these terms where you can also like yes memorize the definition of

39:13 them because you want to know what they are but hopefully you can start to see how they connect into the real world today. And this is why foreign policy stuff is super interesting. Um but it's also difficult. I mean because we have different people's perspectives conflicting and then how do you decide as a state what you're going to do? So it's cool. All right there we go. Um on to our next one. causes a devolution. I'm gonna make this full screen. This is part of uh the CD where students get overwhelmed and the reason why is we have a lot going on here. And so all of these are different examples of stuff that could be on the AP test. So remember devolution a lot of times the reason why it happens if we're focusing on that um we're looking here

39:59 at these like physical divisions. So maybe we see cultural uh divergence. Remember cultural divergence, cultures start to become more distinct. They split. Uh cultural convergence, they like converge together. They become more similar. So divergence is the opposite. But physical geography could split stuff. Ethnic separatism, ethnic cleansing. We talked about those two terms on the last slide. Terrorism, economic and social problems, and irudidentism. Economic problems. Generally, this happens when there is disparities between a state. So different regions of a state have either worse economic conditions or better or if one state feels like hey I'm way overpaying taxes as we can see in the um case actually with Catalonia and Spain um they might feel like well what's the point of me being with the same or I

40:45 could be independent um that would be a factor there or social too. So I'm going to make this a little bit bigger here. Uh just quick highlight when studying these. So study the Basques and the Catalans. They both are focusing here on Spain. So when we're studying the Basks and Catalans, remember that the Basques, we have ethnic separatism at play. Bases are considered a stateless nation. So connecting into another term there also to remember the Basques, it would connect more to this physical geography. And the reason why we have these mountain ranges there that have kind of kept their culture separate. The Catalans on the other hand which would be Catalonia is more economic factors. So if we're looking at the different autonomous regions of Spain. So Spain has different regions. Um Catalan they

41:33 pay a lot more in taxes. They have a lot more wealth and prosperity. They put in a lot more to like their government than they give back. And so there's been some tension there. They have their own language. They have their own culture. Um so again this is why the bases and the Catalans would say like hey we want our own state. We have our own language. We have our own culture. We have our own identity that is distinct from Spain. So that would be why they would fall here. We have causes of devolution that has put pressure. So will one day they become their own states? Possibly. I don't know. The Catalans did have a referendum. They attempted to. Uh the Spanish government denied it. They sent in like uh the police, the military. it actually got violent there. Um, and actually we saw super national organizations step in as well because

42:19 the EU said, "Hey, if you split from Spain, we're not going to let you in right away." So then the Catalans were like, "Oh, well that's going to be difficult then for us." And so we saw some impact there of sovereignty of the super national organization kind of influencing there the different people. All right. So that would be for Spain. The other ones too that you need to focus on earlier. mentioned it like so I mentioned stateless nations and the bases and the Catalans also remember stateless nations the Palestinians and the Kurds so those would also be examples of stateless nations uh for Canada so when we're looking at Canada and Belgium are noticed are are in the CD um those focus on devolutionary factors that are focusing on language so

43:04 remember with Belgium we're talking here about this linguistic divide and the split is between Wunia and Flanders So again, it's in the CD, so you want to spend a little time. Um, right here we have Flanders. Here we have Olunia. So we have this linguistic divide that has put more pressure. Uh, for Myammar, I got a picture here. We have the Rohingyan state. The Rohhingan people have been uh pushed out of Myamar. And this has been connecting to ethnic cleansing. So connecting to that term there. This is the government's attempt. They're really trying to push the Rohhinga out. And the Rohhinga are an ethnic Muslim minority group. Um, and they've been doing it through imprisonment. Um, militias. The government's kind of denied this, but this is an example of ethnic cleansing

43:50 and again causes of devolution. Uh, Nigeria is also on here. Remember with Nigeria, we're looking here at this kind of ethnic and religious conflict between different groups, but there's also an economic one uh as well. So, that is there um just to be aware of. the other ones too. I'm seeing some people in the chat who are like asking about some of the stuff. Are there any others? Um, I'm trying to think quick. The others that you could spend time with for real world examples for devolution could be Scotland and the UK. Um, so you could connect to Brexit there. So the UK with Brexit trying to leaving the EU and then with Scotland having an issue with that. So that could also maybe come up

44:35 on the test. That would be an example of devolution um and some conflict there. So spend some time. I I I can't go into all of these super in-depth because we've already been going for 49 minutes and I want to be respectful of your time. Uh but those would be the ones that if I'm going to review different world events, I would review those. Cool. Hopefully that helped. Um all right, here we go. Yeah, some people saying Ireland, Northern Ireland. Yeah, you could look at those as well. Those could be Yeah. So, all right. Couple more definitions here. So, when we're looking at this disintegrate states breaking up into smaller parts, that's all it is. So, it's in the CD. Um, some of these again are kind of easy to break apart, but I want to make sure that if it's in the CD, we're kind of reviewing it so you're at least familiar with it. Um,

45:21 democratization is another term that is in the CD. This is one that students oftentimes kind of uh skim over. Uh, what this would be, someone's asking about like bulcanization. Yeah, disintegrate could connect into bulcanization there. Uh if you're looking at Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia, yes, turned into a failed state and it broke uh split up. So yeah, you can make that as a connection. Um that could work. The chat, I realize our chat kind of like goes all over the place a lot, but a lot of people have some really good questions today and they're also helping each other out, which is always awesome to see when you guys are helping each other out. So thank you for that. Um going back to the the notes here democratization realize with technology so with technology as that's continued to advance as it's continued to um

46:08 connect more people it has led to more democratization occurring um so like for example um starlight it's not starite maybe it's stargate stargate maybe it's starlight anyways um that's gonna bug me is it starite in the chat. Do we got it? Arab Spring would be an example of their It's Starlink. Starlink. Why was I thinking Starlight? Starlink. Um Iran was actually cracking down on allowing people access to the internet, like shutting things off. And so Starlink was actually um activated there to be able to get information to show people there what life's like in other areas. Uh some people in the chat, I apologize, I missed it. and I wasn't able to ping it or put it on the screen, but they mentioned the Arab Springs. This is when

46:54 we had these different states in the Middle East where democracy started to take shape. People were going on Twitter and Facebook and were actually mobilizing protests and they ended up overthrowing their government. That would be an example of democratization and eventually then even some failed states. So democratization, we're seeing this process in which more democracy is coming. these political regimes, dictatorships start to decrease, more voices for the people. The other one there, the last one on there is a super national organization. I'm going to show some examples right here. Um realize though, any state that's part of a super national organization, you are giving up some sovereignty. Like if we are part of um the United States, we're part of NATO. Part of NATO is if one NATO country is attacked, all NATO countries

47:40 are attacked. Um actually the only time that article has been invoked of NATO is at 911. We invoked it and so all the other NATO countries at 911 they all came and helped the US um with the war. So they that wasn't up to them. If you're a part of NATO, you lost some of your sovereignty there. You've joined the super national organization. The reason why they do it is because it allows them to tackle bigger things. A lot of times we can see economic supernational organizations, military, we can also see environmental. These are a couple different examples. These are specific in the CED. So these are the ones that are stated in there. So have an idea of these. Um having said that, don't go and memorize every single state

48:26 that is part of these. Uh like you don't need to know all the countries that are in the United Nations or all of them that are in the African Union, but you do want to have an understanding of these concepts of the ideas of these. So maybe just understand like what's the goal of each one, what is their objective that could help out in helping you see exactly there um it is the CED. So the people asking for the CED um whenever I mention that that is the course exam description that's what the AP test is on. I have a link to it in the description of this video. But all the stuff in this connects to that because that's what the AP test could be on. Uh the other thing with supernational organizations I would spend time and we already mentioned examples so I won't do it again but understand how these impact a state

49:12 sovereignty and what benefits and cons there are to it. So again when we join we get different aspects of it which are beneficial but we also give some stuff up. So have an idea of those um that will hopefully help you out on the actual AP exam. But don't try to memorize all of the different like states um that exist in them. If you do need more help with any of the sovereignty stuff, I did create a quiz that's just looking at the challenges specifically to sovereignty. Um, a lot of students seem to struggle with that. So, I tried to make a specific one there where it looks at different supernational organizations, devolution, it looks at technology. So, if you're interested, by all means, uh, you can check that out in there. Um, and we're almost done. We're going to get to the cahoot. So, the next one is centrial and centrifugal forces. These come back from

49:58 last unit. I told you guys this stuff all starts to connect. Everything connects here. So remember, centripal P, it's going to pull people together. So P for pull, F for force. Force, it's going to push people apart. It's going to force people apart. Um, and realize a bunch of different events cause this to happen. So depending on what's going on, we can see some things will unite. So for example, shared culture, that is a centripal force. It binds people together. A common enemy would be a centrial force. Um divisions like a really contentious political election could force people apart. It could create divisions. Uh if people can't speak to one another, that can also create some more um forces there. All

50:43 right, last minute vocab and then we're done. These are the last ones I want to make sure you got. I'll make it full screen so you can take it and then we're going to the cahoot. So, ethnoism, not ethnosparatism. So, realize there's some difference there. Again, you want to make sure you are carefully reading during the AP test. Ethnoism is a form of nationalism where now the nation there is being defined in the terms of ethnicity. So this can lead to conflict. This could lead to devolution. It could or it could also lead to actually a unified state possibly. So um it could kind of go both ways. You got to look at the context there. Ethnic national movement. This would be when this cultural group wants to separate or wants control over themselves. And again, it's very

51:28 specific to that ethnicity or nationality. And remember like nation here is in both of these. So the focus here is on this nation uh component. In a failed state, we've already mentioned before uh this would be when the government there no longer is functioning. So it's no longer able to actually control the area. So hopefully uh this helps here. um a failed state for example uh if we're looking at some people asking for examples uh could be Syria. So now we'll see there's a lot more changing recently with Syria, but they had this long civil war that actually turned into a proxy war um because you have the United States somewhat involved. You had Turkey, you had Saudi Arabia, you had the Russians involved. Um and then you also had ISIS at one point and so there's a lot of conflicting groups.

52:13 It's super interesting. It actually connects almost all the concepts of this class as well. Um but it became a failed state because parts of the state just were no longer operating. The government lost control. It couldn't provide its basic duties. Um, and so that would be an example there. All right. If you do need more help, don't forget you can always get more help from the ultimate review packet or there is always the new exam slayer. There is a multiple choice test just for unit 4 in there. So if you're interested, uh, you can check that out. There's also FRQs, a highlight video, and different terms. Uh, cool. We are going to be playing the Cahoot now. So yes, for all of those watching on YouTube, thank you so much for watching. Don't forget tomorrow we have another live review. 7 PM Central time, we're

52:59 going over unit five talking about everything agriculture. As always, I'm Mr. S. Thank you so much for watching. And until next time, geographers, I'll see you online. All right, there we go. All right, we're on to the cahoot. Uh, real quick, if you're on Discord, I'm gonna