محمد علي باشا على عرش مصر والغاية تبرر الوسيلة

0:00 On the coast of the city of Rashid, two of the Qarqout soldiers stood, who were extremely distressed because their salaries were delayed, and the summer sun was harsh on them, and they were in a strange country. One of them said to the other, “When, brother, are we going to leave here? I am fed up with this free country that has no benefit.” His colleague laughed and said to him, “On the contrary, this country has goodness, a lot of goodness. If you lay your hand on it, you will never leave here. You will complete the rest of your life in it. Personally, I look very similar to what I would do.” This soldier was Muhammad Ali Pasha, the founder of the Alawite dynasty, who ruled Egypt for about 150 years. After that, how did he start and what did he like about Egypt that made him continue his life there? Let us talk about this at the beginning of our new series. You are now a

0:47 guest on the channel, and the Ra said [music] and [applause] [music] in the country of Macedonia, the cradle of Alexander the Great in a small coastal city. His name was Tawla or Kafala in Turkish or Greek. Muhammad Ali was born

1:33 in 1769 to a poor family whose origins were Turkish Muslims who had migrated and settled in Greece a long time ago. His father, Ibrahim Agha, was the head of the protectorate responsible for guarding the roads. Something that was forgiven, meaning he had about 17 sons and daughters, all of whom died except Muhammad Ali. When his father died while he was still young, they took his uncle Tousoun to raise him. When he died, he took over as governor of Qawla and chose the spirit of military life from a young age. Muhammad Ali was famous for his commitment and obedience. These were qualities required of any soldier and were considered a way to distinguish himself from his colleagues. But Muhammad Ali had something more important that distinguished him more, which was that he used trickery and cunning when he wanted to do something and did not know how to achieve it directly. Once, they sent him

2:21 at the head of a group of four people who were a group to collect a tax from a small village that had declared rebellion. Muhammad Ali and those with him entered them in The village mosque took their weapons and put them aside and started praying in front of the people with the utmost reverence. The people sat looking at them and saying, “ What do these soldiers want?” After the prayer was over, Muhammad Ali started talking to those next to him and then to those around him, and he was chatting with them until they felt comfortable with him and the conversation went some way. He asked them about four of the notables of the town, so-and-so, so-and-so, and so-and-so. Does anyone know them? They said to him, “Of course, these are our masters and our leaders.” He said to them, “But can someone call them because I have come specifically to meet them from Anatolia and I need them for an important matter?” They sent the people of the town to bring the notables. As soon as the people entered the mosque door,

3:07 Muhammad Ali pounced on them, he and those with him, tied them up, put weapons to their necks, and quickly took them outside. They said to the people of the town, “When you come to pay the taxes you owe, we will free them.” Of course, they tried to free them, but the group threatened to eat the notables. The town was forced to gather together and hand them over. Late taxes Muhammad Ali returned at the end of the day to the governor and said with the money he had with him and who was very impressed by his courage and innocence immediately said the rank of prokpashi after the historians tell this story on the basis that what Muhammad Ali did was a kind of courage and the matter, but whatever it was, this is the biggest evidence of his belief in the principle that he dealt with throughout his life, the end justifies the means, which I personally consider the secret of his success. If you see

3:53 any success that the Pasha achieved after that, you will find that this is the only explanation. And when Muhammad Ali was twenty years old and wanted to marry, he chose a divorced woman who was older than him. He got close to the governor and said, “Master.” This of course brought them closer together even more. She had a couple of good piasters, Muhammad Ali convinced him to invest them in her business. She had three children from Ibrahim. When his business was successful and he held his hand and his money, Muhammad Ali left the military life and worked for a period in the tobacco trade because it was doing well and his profit was high as well. His new life As a merchant, he gained a lot of life experience. People say that he had a keen intuition. He would look at someone and know who they were and what they wanted without them having to speak. Although

4:41 he was illiterate and could neither read nor write, his mind was very focused on financial matters and accounts. Through business dealings, he got to know a French merchant who had many businesses in Greece. He learned a lot from him and made a lot of money from him. Some historians say that this was the reason that made him inclined to deal with them. In 1799, after Muhammad Ali had worked in trade for about ten years, the Astana government asked for volunteers to join an army to fight the French in Egypt. It offered high salaries, which encouraged Muhammad Ali to leave his business for a while and gather the people he knew and go and form a battalion of 300 people. He was their leader. They joined the army of Hussein Qabdan Pasha, along with 6,000 Albanian and Iqrad soldiers.

5:27 On March 29, 1801, the Greeks or the Yudans arrived at Abu Qir Bay to join the army of the Grand Vizier Yusuf Pasha and the British army led by the General, and they began to confront the French in the battles of the Alexandrian coast. The first mission that Muhammad Ali and his division were assigned was to confront a French military battalion that was in Rahmania, currently the Beheira Governorate. As soon as the Ottoman battalion appeared in front of the hospital, he withdrew because their equipment was finished and they would not be able to confront them. Muhammad Ali left, and thus luck played its role in Ideal Pasha and his division in the Egyptian mainland. He was

6:15 then promoted to Rutba and remained in Rahmania until the treaty for the evacuation of the French forces was signed. After that, he moved himself to the Rashid Fort in order to remain aware of everyone entering and leaving Egypt. Muhammad Ali preferred to follow the developments of the situation. With his insight, he knew that the three forces that were fighting over the rule of Egypt were destined to perish, so he decided to transfer himself to the plane in order to He remains in the picture or at the heart of the events [music] In Egypt, Khosrow Pasha was the first Ottoman governor to

7:02 assume the governorship by decree from the Sublime Porte after the French evacuation. The direct orders from the Grand Vizier were that he get rid of the Mamluks. Khosrow Pasha, in turn, gave these orders to Hussein Qabdan Pasha. Accordingly, he began to curry favor with Osman. The Mamluks, on October 1, 1801, Qabdan Pasha invited them to a large banquet on the deck of the command ship in Abu Qir. As soon as they gathered in the molds that would transport them, fire opened up on them from all sides. About 150 of them died. About a hundred were arrested. The Hail massacre of the Mamluks, in addition to the famous massacre of the citadel, but this is not as famous as it is in historical references. Muhammad Bey al-Alfi escaped from this massacre and went to Upper Egypt and sent a

7:50 strong-worded memorandum to Hussein Qabdan to complain to the British, his allies. Pasha in Abu Qir was then forced by Qabdan Pasha to apologize and release all the arrested Mamluks, in addition to paying a large sum of money as compensation for the people who died. At the same time in Cairo, the Grand Vizier had prepared another ambush for the Mamluks. He also invited them to a banquet in the Citadel to apologize for what Qabdan Pasha had done. Among the tortures was Ibrahim Bey, who was Murad Bey’s partner in ruling Egypt. The French hinted to him, “Pasha, that he agreed to appoint him as Sheikh of the country.” Ibrahim Bey and the Mamluks were reassured and went to the banquet. As soon as they entered the hall, the soldiers arrested them and put them in prison. He said, “Pasha, let’s not kill them so that the English don’t get upset. We will put them in a ship and

8:36 ship them on stocks.” And there was Muhammad Bey al-Alfi, who, when he received news of the arrest of the Mamluks, knew that he was thinking correctly. He sent again to incite the English against the Grand Vizier again and the moon by sending a military unit from the camp Giza asked Diaa Pasha in the Citadel to release all the prisoners or he would bombard the entire citadel with cannons. The Mamluks came out of prison to the camp of Muhammad Bey al-Alfi in Giza and swore revenge on the Ottomans. Qabdan Pasha sent him more than one battalion to fight Muhammad Bey al-Alfi and his forces in Upper Egypt, but al-Alfi defeated them in four

9:22 consecutive battles. He deployed his forces in all of Upper Egypt, from Aswan to Giza, expelling the Ottoman forces from it. This reassured the British more about al-Alfi. They knew that he was a reliable person, and this encouraged the British to agree with the Ottomans to evacuate. In February 1802, the Grand Vizier Yusuf Pasha left Istanbul and handed over the reins of power to the Ottoman governor, Pasha. When the British sent him on his way, they took Muhammad Bey al-Alfi with them to London to spend a period of preparation there on the basis that they would return him as a ruler of Egypt on their behalf. During these events, Muhammad Ali became closely acquainted with him. On the leaders of the people that we talked about in the last episode, at the same time after he and his secretary about any confrontation with the Mamluks

10:10 and their armies when the salaries of the soldiers were delayed, they would go to Muhammad Ali and ask him to go down to the markets and plunder a few merchants to take from them what would suffice for the suspicious soldiers. This was their normal thing, but Muhammad Ali prevented them more than once. He also confronted with his forces any other battalion that tried to do this. He would direct the revolution or anger of these soldiers to Al-Wari. He would tell them to go up to the citadel and demand their salaries from above. This brought them closer to the leaders of the people. They felt that he was with them all the time. On the first of May 1803, Muhammad Ali took his secretary and some other battalions and went to meet Khosrow Pasha in his house. He was sitting at the time in the house of a thousand houses in Azbakeya, where Napoleon was sitting and Leprechaun was killed. He was going to carry out the French campaign, and when He felt that they had lost Pasha

10:56 to them, and before they besieged him in his house, he fled among them to the eastern region, and from there he went to Damietta to hide and send a message to the Istambul asking for help. Thus, Muhammad Ali succeeded in escaping from his path. The first Ottoman governor took over after that was someone named Tahir Pasha, temporarily acting as a deputy, meaning until he was appointed. And a new father in his first confrontation with some of the deployed soldiers, they also came out to demand their delayed salaries. Of course, Muhammad Ali’s advice was that Tahir Pasha responded to them rudely. He responded to them rudely, cursing one of the soldiers, making him pull out his weapon and fly off the neck of the bird Pasha and throw it out of the window in front of everyone. After that, the Janissaries took the treasury of Tahir Pasha’s house and divided it among themselves. The news spread throughout the streets of Cairo. This was on May 26. Tahir Pasha did not remain

11:43 in his position for 20 days in order to increase the chaos in the country more, but despite this, Muhammad Ali and the people and their leaders maintained it, and the Janissary opinion settled. When Ahmed Pasha, who was the governor of the Hejaz, arrived in Egypt, he had an opinion that he should ally with the Mamluks at this time to prevent further problems. He also wanted to win over Muhammad Ali and his secretary, and with him the scholars, sheikhs, and notables of the people of Egypt. He sent to invite everyone to a banquet so that he could start something new with them in a new style. Quickly, I see what Muhammad Ali had in mind. The sheikhs and the notables said that Ahmed Pasha was in a special rule. Be careful, until now, he is the governor of the Hejaz, not the governor of Egypt. If they think that they can impose him on us

12:30 in this way, then you must also have an opinion. Of course, the Sublime Porte. If the Pasha really had good intentions, he would kindly gather his soldiers and go to the city to wait for the Sublime Porte’s decree. He would not try to impose himself on us in this way. Of course, when these words reached Ahmed Pasha, he said, “It is not good manners. Let us turn it around.” The scholars and sheikhs began to tell him, “Is it Muhammad Ali and those with him who are sitting around doing what the English are doing?” And they left, and before them, The French, Tabadan Pasha returned with most of the Qarnaqut soldiers who came with him. They were sitting around, wondering what to do. Of course, this did not please Ahmed Pasha, and they sided with Muhammad Ali. They said to Ahmed Pasha, “ I wish you and your soldiers would be like him.” When Muhammad Ali knew about Ahmed Pasha’s turning against him, he

13:17 said, “Then there is no choice but for us to lean towards the side that is the Mamluk camp in Giza.” He met Ibrahim Bey and said to him, “Until when will the Ottomans continue to send people to Egypt, one after the other, coming from Istanbul, who do not know anything about the country or what is in it?” While the Mamluk princes who have been sitting in the country for a long time, far from the state, I personally see that you are the most suitable people for love, and I support you with all my strength, as you are the one seeking your right and the right of all the Mamluk princes in Egypt. Of course, Ibrahim Bey liked this idea very much, it suited his mood. He left Giza at the head of a military battalion of Mamluks, which Muhammad Ali joined with his division. And they went to besiege Ahmed Pasha in his residence, expelling him from Egypt on the night of May 28, after he had spent a day and a night there. As usual, the Mamluk soldiers descended on the

14:05 markets to plunder the shops and take from them anything Muhammad Ali confronted them with his forces. He also went to chase those who had plundered from them, returning those who had been captured. A crier in the streets of Cairo called for safety for all the people of the protected city, according to the orders of Ibrahim Bey, the village chief and our master Muhammad Ali. This was an announcement of the division of power in the country with the Mamluks and Muhammad Ali. [Music] And now, after Muhammad Ali had finished with the

14:50 Ottoman governor, he had no choice but Ibrahim Bey and the Mamluks. What would we do with them? He sat with Ibrahim Bey and convinced him to muster a large army and go out to fight the Ottomans and take Egypt from them. They lost the Pasha whom we expelled from the citadel. He is still sitting in Damietta until now. He could return at any moment, and the Janissary soldiers, just as they brought Ahmed bin Hejaz can bring anyone else, we must get rid of all these people, cut his vein and shed his blood and go arrest him by the waist Pasha in Damietta and bring him and put him in prison and declare yourself the ruler of Egypt so that you will be right in any confrontation after that. Ibrahim Bey was convinced and proclaimed himself the ruler of Egypt and sent to Istanbul demanding the decree at the time when Muhammad Ali sat with the notables saying to them, “Why is Ibrahim Bey doing

15:36 this? Why is he declaring himself and what is his emirate? His soldiers are running amok. He wants the Prophet to be official. Will you keep quiet about this?” At the time when a decree arrived from the Sublime Porte in July 1803 appointing Ali Pasha al- Jaza’irili Wadi over Egypt, or Ali Pasha al-Tarabulsi as al-Jabarti called him. Ali Pasha arrived in the port of Alexandria with a new army of 5,000 soldiers to establish order in the Jaza’iri state. It was known to all the Mamluk princes that he had a bad past with them. Before that, he came to Egypt with an Ottoman army to fight the Mamluks in the period before the French campaign, but the Mamluks defeated him and expelled him and those with him. Osman Bey Al-Bardisi came out at the head of a battalion from Giza, lying in wait for Al-Jazaery Pasha before he entered Egypt, while Muhammad Ali took the stick from the middle. He

16:24 sent Al-Jazaery to the Pasha to welcome him and tell him that he was waiting for him on the outskirts of Cairo. He sent Ibrahim Bey to tell him about a plan that Al-Bardisi Bey would implement in front of Al-Jazaery. Al-Bardisi’s forces stood waiting near Al-Rahmaniya. After a light skirmish, Al-Bardisi and his soldiers withdrew from the field. Al-Jazaery moved more towards Cairo and near Shalqan, currently the center of Qalyub, another ambush was set up for him. A group of Mamluks attacked him and killed him and most of those with him. He scattered the rest of his forces. Thus, Muhammad Ali succeeded for the third time in sending a new ruler before entering Cairo. Up until now, Muhammad Ali has succeeded in somewhat confusing the world without What is clear in the picture is that he succeeded in maintaining an

17:10 equal distance between himself and all the parties that were struggling for power at that time in February 1804. Muhammad Bey arrived from London after a period of preparing the lighting there and an agreement with the British government on the basis that they would support the Mamluks in reaching power, while the Mamluks would facilitate all their internal interests in Egypt, especially the coastal cities. The agreement, if it had been implemented, would have changed the face of modern Egyptian history. From its side, the British government sent an envoy or ambassador from the Ottoman Empire demanding that the Sublime Porte settle its affairs with the Mamluks. Muhammad Bey al-Alfi arrived in Minya al-Jawla with the English element on the back of an English ship. Of course, this scene was beyond Muhammad Ali’s expectations. He

17:55 felt that what he was doing would all be ruined, so he quickly acted. He went to Uthman Bey al-Bardisi and convinced him that Muhammad Bey al-Alfi was no longer a Mamluk. He was now an Englishman, and all he needed was a beret. If he took power, he would side with the English. Not for the Mamluks, you must get rid of him immediately. Indeed, Othman got angry at Al-Bardisi and took a division and went out to besiege Muhammad Bey Al-Alfi and kill him, but immediately the Al-Alfi fled to Upper Egypt and hid there. Muhammad Ali got rid of him temporarily and went to Al-Bardisi and said to him, “I will tell you what, is it for Al- Alfi, or Ibrahim Bey, or someone like that? There is no one but you. You are the best person to take over the rule of Egypt now, and we will all be behind you and put the Sublime Porte in front of a fait accompli. When he sees this, he will not be able to say anything. Al-Bardisi is tempted by what and declares

18:43 himself the ruler of Cairo as a kind of manifestation of sovereignty. He asks his soldiers to come down and collect taxes from the merchants immediately. Muhammad Ali left. What is this? Al-Bardisi Bey, what right does he have to collect taxes? Shouldn’t he wait first when he sees the Sublime Porte, what will he say? He is in a great hurry. They agreed on this and the leaders of the people declared their anger against the Mamluks. Immediately, hundreds of people went out into the streets chanting against Al-Bardisi and his men and besieged him in…” His house was located, by the way, in the house of Hassan Kashef, which was the headquarters of the French Scientific Institute. Al- Bardisi was shaken by the crowds and saw with his own eyes Muhammad Ali, who had heated him up, standing with the leaders of the people. He understood the whole story and knew that confrontation would not work. He and the

19:28 soldiers of Giza withdrew, but after about 350 of them were killed in a street war between him and the people and Muhammad Ali’s soldiers in Giza, the Mamluk princes agreed that they had to get rid of Muhammad Ali because his presence on the scene had become very uncomfortable. [Music] [ Music] Here, Muhammad Ali saw that this was the right time. He no longer meant anything to the Mamluks. We got rid of them. The Janissaries almost did not exist in the Ottoman state. One was in prison, one was

20:14 killed, and one was expelled. So now there was no strong and cohesive battalion except for his battalion of Arnaults, which numbered about 4,000. But in early March 1804, a decree arrived from the Sublime Porte appointing him as a new governor, Khurshid Pasha V. And the governor of Egypt within two years, Muhammad Ali would always come down before him in Minya al-Tulaq, declaring his loyalty to him and his entire division, but Khorsha Pasha was from there and had background information about the scene. He knew that Muhammad Ali was here for a purpose of his own, but it would not be useful for him to take any action against him for the sake of his division, so he said to get rid of him and those with him. He sent him on a mission to fight the Mamluks in Upper Egypt. He told him not to return until he captured Uthman ibn Bardisi and Muhammad Bey al-Alfi, alive

21:00 or dead. It would immediately become clear where Muhammad Ali was in Khorsha Pasha’s mind. But he could not refuse. He said there was no problem if he carried him to Upper Egypt. It would appear to Farsha Pasha that he must give a meal and obey orders. At the same time, he would take from him a portion of the salaries of his soldiers, which were long overdue. It would appear to the people that he was not greedy for the governorate or anything between him and himself. He was reassured that Khurshid Pasha was a clumsy and corrupt man and that people would not be patient with him for long. Indeed, within one month, Khurshid Pasha’s grievances increased. He closed his door to anyone who came to mediate in resolving these grievances or part of them. The leaders of the people contacted Muhammad Ali of Upper Egypt and asked him to return. They told him to come and save us from Khurshid Pasha and what he was doing.

21:47 Muhammad Ali arrived in Cairo on May 1st. All the people stood in the street, the shops were closed, and the Egyptians were on a general strike. He went out with his soldiers and the crowds surrounded Khurshid Pasha in the Citadel. The Pasha was embarrassed by the guards on the walls and he sent a quick message to the Astana explaining the situation to the Grand Vizier and telling him that the one behind these disturbances in Cairo was Muhammad Ali. If we get rid of him, the world will be at peace. Khurshid Pasha’s message reached the Astana. Yusuf Pasha saw it and said, “It is not right for us to send Muhammad Ali away or remove him. If we do this, his stubbornness will increase.” People, I will remove him from the scene, but in my own way, we will appoint him as governor of Jeddah in the Hijaz. If he accepts it, it will be good. He

22:34 wants any position, and we know that he will serve his term there and we will remove him. If he refuses, he will be disobedient, and we can get him out officially. The decree arrived at the castle, so Farsha Pasha was sent to summon Muhammad Ali and congratulate him on the new governorship. He told him, “Come so you can receive the decree yourself.” Of course, Muhammad Ali was afraid. He sent for the Pasha to come in. He said to him, “No, I wish you would come, Your Excellency, to deliver this decree to me at the house of one of the notables in Cairo, in the presence of all the people.” Farsha Pasha refused, and then he said to him, “By the way, this is an insult. What does it mean that I tell you to come and you tell me to come, you don’t know who you are talking to or what?” On May 13, 1805, after two weeks of pushing and pulling, meetings, and preparations, all the leaders of the people, headed by Mr. Omar Makram,

23:19 and with them forty thousand of the people of Cairo, gathered in the court house and agreed to depose… Kharsha Pasha and Muhammad Ali appointed him governor of Egypt. They took some of them and went to his house to tell him these things. The scholars and sheikhs stipulated that he should not impose new taxes except with the knowledge and approval of the people, and that the military garrison should not be inside Cairo. He should set up a camp outside, say in Giza, and that he should guarantee the security of all trade and transportation routes with Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt. This agreement should be official, written, and witnessed by all the people so that there would be love inside when necessary. Muhammad Ali agreed and the people rejoiced and cheered. Mr. Omar Makram, the head of the Ashrafs, and Sheikh Abdullah Al-Sharqawi, the Sheikh of Al-Azhar, came forward to him on behalf of all the people. They dressed him in the governor’s robe and an

24:07 embroidered cloak, a first in Egyptian history that had never happened before and would never happen again. A copy of this agreement was sent to the governor and they waited for a response when they found out that Yusuf Pasha had lost it. He said that Kharsha Pasha had failed to contain the situation, and after the paper that came from Egypt, he had no choice but to issue a decree from the Sultan. Abdul Majid III appointed Muhammad Ali as governor of Egypt and granted him all powers with the rank of Pasha. He wrote in the decree an explicit sentence where the scholars and the subjects agreed to it, and it was an acknowledgment of the authority of the people in the first precedent of its kind in the history of the Ottoman Empire. The decree arrived on July 9 of the same year 1805. Khurshid Pasha took some of his powers and took off his robe of honor in Istanbul. Muhammad Ali celebrated the governorship with the

24:54 people in the Citadel of the Mountain, and thus began a new period of conversation, which we will talk about in detail during our upcoming episodes. Follow us. Follow with us the rest of the events. How were the first years of Muhammad Ali Pasha’s rule? Confirm your subscription to the channel and activate notifications to receive everything new. Follow also our page on Facebook for our discussions there on the sidelines of the episodes. Thank you to all our viewers who support us by subscribing to the channel or through the feature of clicking on the white button below to understand more. We await your comments and always wait for the new from us on the channel