ചൈനക്ക് വിലക്കിയ അമേരിക്കൻ വജ്രായുധം | ASML Explained

0:00 Imagine how sophisticated machinery could etch patterns in silicon smaller than the width of a virus . Did you know that only one company in the world has the knowledge and technical expertise to build this machine? A complex engineering marvel that costs over $150 million per unit and thousands of man-years of effort. This is not science fiction but it will revolutionize the semiconductor industry and thereby become the world's largest This is the story of ASML,

0:47 a Dutch technology company that has become one of the most influential companies . Not happening But they've reached some physical limitations.Decades of equipment and techniques haven't been able to make shapes small enough for the next generation of chips.The problem is that computers and phones aren't reaching the speeds we expect because of the lack of tiny transistors. The crisis we faced at the time was

1:34 for scientists to advance the technology we use every day Engineers also needed a breakthrough.Something new was needed.There is a law called Moore's Law which means that the transistors we use inside our electronic devices can double in size every two years.However , as more transistors are being put into smaller chips, eventually the transistors have to be made so small that the chips cannot fit inside. What happened here is the crux of this challenge, a problem that can easily be said It was a process called lithography.It's like using a stencil and light to etch shapes on a silicon chip.Think of it this way.You shine a torch on a piece of paper through a stencil.When light

2:20 passes through the stencil, the pattern hits the paper.In the same way, engineers use light to etch tiny shapes of transistors on chips . It will be faster and stronger For years engineers have used a type of light called Deep Ultra Violet or DUV light for this but it has a wavelength of 193 nanometers so a nanometer is one billionth of a meter so keep in mind that we are talking about very small quantities DUB light has worked well for a long time but there is a limit to that And it couldn't make the small form needed for the new chips, so scientists used extreme ultraviolet, or EUV, to solve this problem A new type of light has begun to be discovered.EUV

3:08 light has a wavelength of only 135 nanometers, which is 10 times shorter than UV light.It is so small that it can etch very small shapes on silicon.It helps fit more transistors on a chip. Let's take a look at why this is another one that has been, first of all, EUV light in nature in an easy-to-use form It 's not available . It's not the same as sunlight or light from a regular bulb. To make EUV light, scientists had to figure out how to produce it in the laboratory. It's like trying to recreate the conditions inside a star. This process is complicated because the EUV light is so powerful that it can only be made by heating something hotter than the surface of

3:57 the sun.Scientists have discovered that by shining a high-energy laser beam into droplets of molten tin, the tin melts and turns into plasma, which emits EUV light. Imagine doing this 70,000 times for scientists to make EUV light After figuring out how to make EUV light, they faced another problem.EUV light is very difficult to control.It is not like the light we see every day.EUB light does not easily pass through glass or air . Conventional this means that most of the glass will be completely absorbed and will not pass through

4:45 Because they couldn't direct or focus the light onto the chip with lenses or objects , they had to find a new way to manipulate the EUV light, so they started using special mirrors to solve the problem . These mirrors must be designed to reflect the EUV light without irradiating it And it's not that easy.To solve this, scientists made glasses out of special materials.In this way, mirrors were made by adding very thin layers.These mirrors had to be polished to an amazing minimity.The

5:30 researchers knew that even a hole smaller than an atom would destroy the reflection.You can even imagine how miniscule these mirrors have to be. After making the EUV light, these mirrors use the silicon wafer, the thin material that makes up the chip, onto it. The EUV light cannot travel through air because the air will surround it, so the whole process had to be done in an airless vacuum.Building a machine that could maintain such a vacuum was a huge challenge, requiring air-tight seals and sophisticated engineering that would not interfere with the EUV light .

6:17 Beyond that, each unit is the size of a bus 180 Weighing more than a ton and containing more than 100,000 components, it required the collaboration of thousands of engineers, distributors and scientists from around the world to build.The assembly process was so complex that each machine took more than a year to complete.However, despite the great complexity and cost, the advantages of EUV technology led to the discovery of a chip capable of engraving patterns at seven nanometers or less. EUV machines help manufacturers and it's faster For ASML, the journey to commercialization of EUV lithography was fraught with setbacks. Early prototypes

7:02 were unreliable . The company spent billions and billions of dollars on research and development. Intel formed a partnership with TSMC One of their most significant moves was to invite major semiconductor companies like Samsung to invest , and these companies not only provided financial support but also provided valuable feedback to improve ASML designs , after almost 30 years of effort and more than nine billion dollars in investment. ASML is finally making a breakthrough, with the first commercial

7:49 EUV machines rolling off the production line in 2016 , a game changer for the semiconductor industry . It was also used to make Using EUV lithography, TSMC was able to build chips to power advanced AI models like the iPhone, Playstation 5, and Chat GPT.By 2020 , ASML had become the backbone of an $800 billion value-driven industry.Each UV machine was worth more than $150 million. 300

8:37 They have a market capitalization of more than a billion dollars , but ASML's influence extends beyond its financial success. The company's technology affects almost every aspect of modern life. Smartphones , laptops, electric vehicles, cloud computing, and medical devices all rely on chips made with EUV. ASML has effectively extended Moore's Law into the 21st century in ways that would have been impossible a decade ago. The company is not limited to this by paving the way for the innovations that have been felt. ASML is next It is working toward next-generation lithography technology known as HiNAUV, which offers smaller transistors and more computational power.However, ASML's dominance

9:25 has become a major issue in global geopolitics.The semiconductor industry is now at the center of technology competition between the United States and China . The US has imposed strict export restrictions to prevent ASML from selling the machines This has put ASML in a critical position to maintain its role as a neutral supplier amidst the growing pressures of international politics. ASML has finally had to maintain its role as a neutral supplier . They dedicated themselves to their work to solve one It not only revolutionized

10:14 the semiconductor industry but also inspired a new generation of inventors