AP Human Geography Unit 2 Live Review! [Population and Migration Patterns and Processes]

0:02 [Music] Heat up here. [Music] [Music]

0:49 Geographers, how we doing? Welcome back. Day two, unit two. We're back. We're ready to roll. We're going to be reviewing everything that you need to know. Uh covering the topics in the CD for this wonderful AP test. Um so, as we we get started, let me know where people are from. I'll put some of the comments on the screen. As people are doing that, don't forget if you are interested, um Whoops, wrong button there. There we go. Uh if you're interested, check out the guided notes um with the stream. You can find them again in that ultimate review packet. Um, so this is what we're covering today. These are the things from the CD. So, this is part of that free preview I had um for that free 30-day review plan. So, I copied all the

1:35 stuff from the CD in here. Um, and then you have a spot that you can take notes. So, we are covering all of these topics and you want to make sure these things make sense to you. You need to know population policies. We have to understand what happens when a population is aging, the sex ratios, all the different um densities, all the stuff that's in this document. So, these are the things that we're going to be covering in our live stream today as we go over everything. So, if you're curious on where I'm getting my stuff from, this is the document because this is the document that College Board uses to tell teachers, hey, this is what can be on the test and this is what's not on the test. Um, again, if you're looking for those guided notes for the stream, you can find them right here. Uh, you just click the download button. So, if you do have the ultimate review packet, by all means, uh, you can check that out

2:21 and do that. Um, if you don't and you want to just take your own notes, no worries at all. So, completely up to you. We'll get that moved over somewhere. There we go. All right. Uh, let's see where people are from. We got people from Wisconsin, Virginia, South Carolina, uh, Mr. Jones, fourth hour. Connecticut, Florida, um, Virginia, Cali, Delaware, Texas, uh, New York, another Texas. All right, we'll just we'll do a couple more. Just a couple more, then we're going to get started here. Ohio, I see. Um, Mr. Blank, uh, is eighth period. Okay, it's already gone. Uh, Kentucky. Um, Mr. Bedell's first block. Shout out there. New York. New York. New York.

3:07 Um, cool. Whoops. I almost shut down the stream. All right, so we got people from all over, which is awesome. We're going to get started because I want to make sure I'm respectful of all of your time. So, today we're going to be going unit two. If you were here yesterday, you probably know the drill by now. The first part of this, I'm going over all the different notes. So, I'm going to try to do engage with the chat every once in a while. We'll be doing some back and forth. I'll ask for concepts. I'll try to post some. We have right now over 2,400 people, I believe. So, things go fast. So, I apologize if I miss any of your comments. I am going to try to get to them. If there's super chats, I'll try to get to the super chats, but bear with me there. Okay. Uh, we're going to get started. So, yeah. All

3:53 right. This is the behind the scenes now because I think this is where we're going to cut for the actual YouTube video because I'm going to split this. So, get a behind the scenes look here. All right. Here we go. We got to do an intro for this video. Okay, I got it. I got it. I got it figured out. Hey there, geographers, and welcome to the unit 2 population and migration review. Now, if you're watching this, you're probably not with us live since this is the intro and I'm posting separately. Now, we got a bunch of people in the live chat right now and it is hopping here. We got people flying left and right in the chat. It's awesome. So, make sure you check out our next live stream tomorrow, uh, which will be at 7 p.m. But fear not, we are now going to be going over all the concepts from unit 2. So sit back and enjoy as we review unit two. Here we go. All right. So couple things. One, right

4:40 off the bat, we got population distribution and we got population also density. Make sure you don't mix these up. Remember population distribution is all about how people are spread out. Where density, we're looking at how many people are in a particular area. Now on the slide right there I have like climate, landforms, water bodies, culture, economics, history, politics, all that stuff can influence population distribution. Why people are living in certain areas, why people are not. Um, another thing that can impact the location of settlements, remember, is site and situation. Uh, real quick in the chat, let me know site and situation. What's the difference between those? I'll try to pin some of them up on uh the screen. So all these things can impact though where people are

5:25 actually living. And so it's important to understand um why people live where they are. And we got a couple people it seems here. Um site is physical situations relationship. Okay. Uh oh. Oh. Uhoh. No. We might be good. We're good. We're good. We're back. My thing froze. I thought the whole thing crashed, but we're good. Um. Yes. So site. Think of like that absolute location. We're thinking about stuff that's located right in that spot. Situation, we're thinking relative, those connections there. Um, as we go through, remember population density. Again, we're looking at how many people are living in a particular area. Now, there's three densities that you really want to make sure that you are familiar

6:12 with for the AP test. One of them is going to be arithmetic density, which is just our total population divided by the total land area. Now, you don't have to worry about doing like a bunch of math on the AP test. So understanding the formulas here helps I feel like for remembering what the density is really looking at. So arithmetic density is really just population density. Now where we start to get more insight into the densities is when we are looking at the physiological density. And so that's our total population divided by arable land. Uh in the chat anyone know arable land? What is arable land? So put that down there. So what is arable land? We'll put that up there. Um, so physiological density again is that total population divided by arable land. I see a bunch of

6:57 people saying it. Uh, farmable land, farming land, land that can be farmed on, land that can be cultivated. All of those would work. Um, land that could be used for agricultural production. Yes, we're talking about land that has nutrients we could grow crops on. Now one thing with the physiological density now you don't necessarily have to worry about doing a bunch of math but you do need to understand what does that density mean? If we have a low physiological density number so if our physiological density is low generally what that then means is that we're not going to put as much stress on our environment. We need to feed less people per unit of arable land and so it'll be easier for us to produce food for everyone. we're not going to need to take as many nutrients out of the ground. Um, we might not have to rely on

7:44 imports, exports, well, it'd be more of imports um to be able to feed our population. So, the lower that number, generally that means uh it'll be easier for us to feed everyone generally. If it's higher, that means we have to take more resources out of the land to feed our population. So if we have a physiological density that's like 250 for what country one and country two has a physiological density of two, they only have to feed two people for that unit of land. And if the other one's 250, they're feeding 250 people for that same unit of land. So physiological density, have an understanding there of what it means. The next density that you want to be familiar with, and it's the last one, is the agricultural density. And remember that we're looking at the amount of farmers divided by again that arable land. And the difference here is

8:30 that amount of farmers. We're again just focusing on arable land. This shows us really how advanced is our agricultural practices. If this number is really low, that means we need less farmers to cultivate, to take care of the land, to grow and produce our crops. Um, which allows then citizens to do other jobs. If it's really high, that means we need more farmers per unit of land. And so, we're probably using less technology. We might not have as much um combines or like GPS embedded inside of some of our tractors. And we're using more uh inefficient techniques possibly, and it could be for a variety of reasons. So, generally, when this number's low, it shows that we're more efficient. We're using more technology, and it allows people to do other jobs. Uh, one thing

9:15 that we can make a connection here to is some of our other units is generally what we see too is economic development. Countries that are less economically developed or lower in that demographic transition model or even if we connect into unit 7 like looking at Rustoau's model there um they're going to have more jobs in the primary sector and so they'll have a higher agricultural density as we see more economic development occur. that agricultural density decreases then more people are able to go into the secondary, the tertiary, the quattinary, the quinary sector and they're able to engage in other economic activities which can lead to more economic growth for society. Now, if the economic sectors there kind of threw you off, don't worry, we're going to cover those in unit 7. Um, since we're just reviewing for the AP

10:00 test though, I'm going to keep trying to make connections to the other units because all this stuff connects. That's the cool thing with AP human geography. So, hopefully that helps with the three densities. Definitely you want to make sure you're kind of familiar with them. If if you are a little fuzzy, if you're like, "Yeah, I don't get it." If you want, you can check out that quiz that I have in the ultimate review packet. Um the quiz actually just has a bunch of different questions that are looking at data and then you're interpreting the data and trying to figure out, okay, what does this mean? What's going on with this country? So, it's multiple choice and there's a 30-minute video of me breaking it down. So, if you're interested, by all means, if you need more help, you can check that out. Otherwise, we're going to go on to the next uh section here, which is carrying capacity. So, uh carrying capacity. The big thing here, we're looking at the

10:46 maximum number of individuals that the environment can sustain. So, that's the big part. You could theoretically have more people living on this land or located there, but the environment can't sustain it. So, we're looking at how much can it sustain? and carrying capacity can connect also into some of our consequences of population distribution. So, we can actually put a couple visuals up on the screen to help us see a little here. Uh when we're looking at population distribution and density, realize that that is going to have an impact on political things, on laws, on taxes, which would connect into economics. It's going to put social um pressures on individuals. We're going to see different opportunities um provided depending on where we live. If you're in like a larger urban area that's very

11:33 densely populated, you're going to have more services. You'll have more health care. You're going to have more access to public transportation. If we're in more of a rural area, if we're more dispersed, our density is lower. Well, we're going to start to see that we might have more green spaces. We might actually have less stress because we don't have as much traffic, but we're going to be driving more. So, there might be also a negative impact there. And one thing you'll you'll notice is as I was explaining that I listed like positive things and negative consequences can mean either consequence is just like something's here or something's happened. What's the impact of that? So it could be a positive consequence, it could be a negative consequence. So have an idea on in general on at least have like a couple things in your mind on how density or distribution could impact an area. um

12:21 because you could see an FRQ that's like asking you to explain or describe um one way in which density could impact a social factor of life or economic or political. So I have an idea there uh for that. Cool. Uh someone's asking what is the difference between population density and population distribution. Remember density we're looking at how many people are living in a particular area. Distribution we're talking about the spread of people. So we're looking at them spread over um a period or not period an area. So it's how people are spread out across an area where density is how many people live in a particular area. All right we are going on to the next thing here and it is the sex ratio. So here's a couple things with them. One

13:06 remember if the sex ratio is under 100 it means that there are fewer males than females. If it is over 100 it means there's more males than females. And if it's perfectly at 100, it means it's equal there. Um, and our sex ratio actually for a society, we can see in general changes over time like the society sex ratio as the society ages um something starts to happen to it. So let's say theoretically at the start it's it's perfectly balanced. What starts to happen? Anyone know? Put in the chat. Let's see. I'll try to catch up to there. Um, what do we got? What do we have? People do die. There is war. Yes. More women. Anyone know why? Why do we

13:51 have more women? Gender inequality. More men are born. Aging population. Women equality. So some of those yes happen. Um one of the things that starts to happen is we see an imbalance occur. And the reason why there's an imbalance is because men generally do more risky things and they don't live as long as women. women tend to outlive men. So generally we start to see actually an imbalance in the sex ratio um as people age. So starts to kind of shift a little bit there. So going on to our next part then that's the sex ratio. We have our dependency ratios. So I'll make this full screen so you can read it a little bit better. Um, when we're looking here, remember the dependency ratio. If we're just talking in general, the total, it's factoring in like the child dependency

14:38 ratio and the elderly or the age dependency ratio, however you wanted to word it. Um, we're looking there in general at society and we're looking at the amount of people who are not in that labor force. Remember the labor force and people who are actively working generally we're talking about people who are also contributing to taxes. So one thing to realize here besides just like what these ratios say. So realizing that the age dependency ratio is focusing on people who are retired, the child dependency is focusing on people who are too young to work. You don't have to worry about the math component again. But what you do want to focus on is what does it actually mean? So like the elderly dependency ratio, if it's really high for a society, well, we're going to actually start to see that the working

15:23 population will have a higher burden on them. They're going to be paying more taxes. they are going to be all of a sudden maybe not having enough jobs or sorry enough workers for the job. So there could be shortages. Another thing to think of too is socially and culturally there's shifts as well. If a society has a really high elderly dependency ratio, we'll start to see more families maybe have to take in their parents or their grandparents and they'll start living with them which then impacts the money amount of money that they have what they're going to be doing which could then impact other aspects of society as well. or if they're going to maybe put some of their family members um in a home, that's going to also be expenses. Or a living facility, that will be expensive there and that takes money away as well. On the other hand, if the child dependency

16:09 ratio is really high, realize that they're going to need more preschools, more daycarees. They're going to be able to have to figure out a way to take care of all these kids and to also be able to support the working population now that has children. So, all of these things have consequences, positive and negative. And it's important again that we don't understand just what the definition for these terms are, but what they actually mean and how they can actually connect into the real world. All right, we're going to switch to the chat just for a little bit. Let me know for aging societies. Let's just say our societies getting older. This is part of this unit. What do you think starts to happen? I'll try to pin a couple of them on there, but what do you think starts to happen with an aging society? This is an AI image. Yes,

16:54 there's a couple in here that I just use chat GBT for mainly just because I thought it was interesting. I was curious on how I would do. Uh, population starts to decrease. That could happen. Yes, more elderly homes. All right. Government needs to shift funding. This is a really good point. As society ages, we start to see maybe shifts not only in what the government needs to fund, but even what people are going to be voting for. Politicians might start to get to get into office knowing that the majority of people are older now. So they're going to start prioritizing more of their needs instead of focusing as much on the younger population. So that could impact the politics. It could impact the economy. Birth rates start to go down. That could be definitely something. Less people working. So less people working also

17:40 means that the government needs to collect revenue. And if less people are working, less people are paying taxes, less people are buying things, all of a sudden the economy slows. And so the government needs to shift again because they got to figure out how to pay for things. As society ages, we start to see medical costs go up. And that again, someone's got to pay for it. And so we see a lot of different things start to happen there. Um, cool. I'm starting to see a lot of some people are connecting into pronatalist policies. That could be another thing that starts to happen. We'll talk about that in just a little bit, though. Okay, cool. Um, I missed a couple really quick. Um, thank you very much. Shout out to Mr. Flowers class. Striving for a five. Let's do this. Yes. Um, shout out to

18:26 Hemstead High School third period AP hug. We've got this. Keep up the good work. Um, thank you. Thank you very much. I is great. I remember you, Mr. Larkin, from last year. So, thank you very much. Welcome back again. Um, yes, I think those are the ones that I had right now. I will try to keep up with everything there. Okay, going back to our fun Let's get into I thought I saw one of my students there. Um, all right. So, we're going to talk about population pyramids. Population pyramids are really important to have a good understanding of. This could definitely come up in a multiple choice or even in FRQ. So, one thing to remember when we're looking at these and we'll switch to little laser pointer.

19:12 Um, so we have everything organized. We have these cohorts here. So 0 to four, 5 to nine, these are our ages. Here we have our population in the millions. So always remember when we are looking at any stimulus component. So this would be a stimulus. Always spend time to read it. You want to make sure that you understand what you're looking at. Sometimes population pyramids might not have um an exact number down here. They could be in a percent and that could change how the bar graphs and all that looks like. So you want to pay attention. I can also say this is from Italy 2018. So pay attention to how these layouts whenever we've got the title, the legend, the keys, all that stuff you want to make sure you have a good understanding of. All right. So when we're looking at this couple things right away here, we have our pre-productive years. So these are people that they are not having children

19:58 yet. This helps understanding these different kind of cohorts and groups of these population pyramids. It helps on really understanding what's going on in society. For example, if this right here was really big, if we had a lot of kids, uh, both men, women, um, that were born and the bottom was really large in the pre- reproductive years, that would tell me that this country is probably more in stage two. Um, we have a really high birth rate. A lot of people are being born. I can see that's not the case here. In the middle, we have our reproductive years. This is when people are starting to have children. This is also when people are working the most. And so we want to make sure for a country uh this is where you're going to see some of the growth. This is also where you're going to see your workforce. And then on the top you have your post-reroductive years. So this is

20:44 where people are no longer having children. So for example for this um population pyramid here we can actually see that we're starting to age a lot and so more people are entering their post-reroductive years which shows that we are slowing and we are going to continue to see a decrease in our population over time. And so this can impact a variety of things. Other things that we can notice too when looking at this, we could see just to make it a little bit cleaner there. Um we could gain insight into the elderly dependency ratio. If the top part of a pyramid is really large, generally that means it's a higher elderly dependency ratio. Same thing with that child dependency ratio. I could also look here. If the bottom was really large, that would show me I have a higher child dependency ratio. And sex

21:30 ratios, we could see that as well. Um, we can see for the most part it seems fairly even here. There's a little discrepancy, but not much. So, again, the blue here is the amount of males. This is the amount of females. So, hopefully that kind of helps as a quick breakdown of some things to look at for population pyramids. One thing to note is this is like when we're looking at population pyramid, think of it like someone just took a picture of the population composition. They just took a picture of the place. It's frozen in time. Now what that means is for example this is Italy in 2018 if whoops we're quick go back um in like 20 years these people there's zero right now they're going to be over here so we can actually see is Italy going to be growing or

22:16 shrinking well we can see there's actually less boys born if we look here there's also um less females born so they're going to be shrinking it's going down so always realize that if it's ever talking about the future or if it's talking about something going forward. Um, you have to add to it. All right, let's take a second. We're not going to spend a ton of time on here. I just want you to think about this. So, what jobs might be prevalent in this society? What stage of the demographic transition model would this country most likely be in? What services may people need? And what's going to happen in the future? So, I'll try to pin a couple. I'm not going to go really in depth on these. We have another one of these, too. I just want to give you a chance to think a little bit, apply some of this stuff. All right. I got stage two. Yes, this would probably be stage two of that

23:02 demographic transition model. Um, agriculture. Yes, we would have more agriculture. They're going to need child care. That could definitely be a thing. Um, child care for sure. Daycare, subsistence, agriculture definitely could be um primary and secondary sector. Yes, good connection into unit 7 there. So, we'd have maybe some more factories starting to open up, which would be secondary or all the agriculture would be primary. uh mining jobs that would also be primary sector as well. Lots of farming job. Awesome. Uh some people saying stage one. One thing to remember for the AP test, there are no countries today that are in stage one. All countries have moved into stage two of that demographic transition model. So that's one thing just to remember there. All right, take a

23:48 second. Germany now looks a little different. Same thing here. What jobs might be prevalent? Um what else do we got? We also have our stage there. the services and then also what's going to happen in the future. So let's see, we have a little bit difference here. All right, some people saying stage five. So we can start to see again with that demographic transition model we're looking at I'll make it bigger so people can see. Um we have a lot more people at the top here. So we are shrinking. So this could be a stage five country as we go through. Uh more in the tertiary sector. some more services, maybe some quattinary quinary, elder care, um elderly care. That could definitely be more service jobs. Yes, that could be something for sure. Um also in the future too, yep, they're

24:34 going to have hospital bills. Those would increase as well. Yeah. All right. Definitely getting it. Teachers, they would have some teachers, healthcare workers. Um, other thing to think about in the future then for Germany, if we're looking at future issues that could come up, they aren't going to have as much of a workforce. We can actually see that too. If we quick look here, um, notice our workforce is really starting to kind of shrink and that's only going to get worse. And so, they're going to run into issues where they don't have enough people to do the jobs. So maybe they need to turn more to automation or AI or maybe they need to try and implement pro-natalist policies to increase that birth rate or they could also try to rely on migration or immigration try to attract more people to come into the country. Um so they'll have to figure

25:20 out a way because their dependency ratio is also going up. So as the elderly dependency ratio increases, our child one is really low. Um but due to this really heavy top here, this is going to make that total dependency ratio increase. And so it's going to put a bigger burden on the working population. One thing also I want to note for you here, realize when we're looking at this this one, like I mentioned the bottom here, we are looking at millions. Both of these were percents. So that changes again how we're kind of looking at the data. So, always make sure you pay attention to that stimulus um component. Now, again, if you do need more help, I do have a full like population pyramid tips and tricks video. I actually went through and like just went over some common things that my students always

26:06 missed out. So, that's like an exclusive video for the URP. There's also a population quiz in there where there's a bunch of different pyramids and there's different questions you have. And then I broke them all down. You can kind of see it um right here, but I went through and just like went down and covered every single pyramid. It's about 50 minute video um going over it. So, if you're struggling and you want to check it out, by all means, go for it. All right. Up next, we have our population dynamics. All these terms you want to be familiar with. Um crude birth rate, crude death rate, the rate of natural increase rate, total fertility rate, infant mortality rate, doubling time. You need to know these terms. These you will for sure see on the AP test. Now, I'm not saying that you're going to have um a question where it's just like,

26:54 "Hey, define the CBR." You probably aren't going to get that. Maybe you will. That'd be awesome. Um but you will see these terms used. And it's important that you have an idea of these. Remember, for these crude birth rate, we're just looking at the total amount of births. Death's rate is the total amount of deaths. um the na rate of natural increase rate, we're taking our population CBR and you minus the CDR. Big thing to remember, migration is not factored in. So you can see I try to put it right there. It is not factored in. We're just looking at our crude birth rate and crude death rate. Um for total fertility rate, one thing to make sure you don't mess up on, remember total fertility rate is that average number of w um average number of children that a woman will have. That is different from the crude birth rate. So

27:41 you have to be specific. If there's an FRQ that's asking about the TFR. Um you can't just say it's the total amount of births. Um you have to be specific to that amount of children that a woman will have because it is different from a crude birth rate. Um the last two then is infant mortality rate and then the doubling time. Um again infant mortality rate is the total number of deaths under one years of age. Doubling time is just the amount of time it takes for the population to double. So have an idea of these. Hopefully that was a really quick review. Hopefully, these are familiar to you. If not, no worries. You got plenty of time. So, don't panic. You've got time. Um, but these come up a lot. So, you want to make sure you have an understanding there. All right. We're going to go into the most important model um of this unit.

28:28 Arguably, I would argue it's up there for the whole class, and it's the demographic transition model. And the reason why I'd argue for the entire class is you can almost like connect every unit and every concept to the demographic transition model. Um, so it's a really important model to have a good understanding with. So we're going to go over it right now. When we're going over this, we can see stage one, we're going to have our births and deaths. Notice that they're both really high, but they're canceling each other out. So our total population is actually pretty low. We're not growing much here. Um, we're not seeing a lot of growth. As we see during this stage today, there's no countries in this stage, but this would be where we have this really large base

29:13 of a population pyramid. This is also where you're going to have a lot of everyone's jobs are focused in the primary sector. It's going to be very subsistence farming. We're going to have migration is mainly focused around like just getting food. So very early early um kind of society there. Now eventually we have the industrial revolution that happens. Eventually we start to see the medical revolution happen and we move into stage two. Now with stage two we start to see our death rates fall. So you can kind of see that the death rates starting to decrease. This is due to our stuff with um this is due to all it's due to gotta love live streaming um the lights the chat of like so many things. Anyways, this is due uh to the fact that

30:01 the industrial revolution took off that it's due to the fact of the medical revolution and so people are now able to live longer that death rate comes down. We're going to connect in just a little bit into the epidemiologic transition model. This is where we start to see medicine take off a little bit. And our birth rates still remain high. This is important. And the reason why it's important is because people still are expecting many of their children to unfortunately die. So they continue to have larger families. And so they might have a family of nine expecting two or three of the kids not to make it. So they're actually having more kids um because they are thinking that it might not work out. Now eventually cultural um changes catch up. Um, we also start to see economic changes happen. Another reason why people in stage two have more kids is

30:48 cultural. It's also because too a lot of people have uh their family help out on the farm or at their home which is their kind of business. So they're helping there. So a larger family actually has a lot of economic benefit for them. Now eventually we start to get into stage three and this is where now we start to see our population is increasing still but not as much. I mean, we have a big population boom when it comes to like stage two. Stage three, it's starting to slow down. People realize we're living longer. Women start to get more opportunities in society, which then pushes back the time that they start having children. We start to see the time that people are getting married start to get delayed a little bit and go back. More people now are starting to again move to urban areas. We start to

31:33 see urbanization happen in stage two. Uh it continues in stage three. And this all leads to then our population starting to slow down. We have this moderate growth. Eventually we get to stage four. Now we're starting to get to closer to ZPG. ZPG is where we have zero population growth. So that's important to understand there. Um this would be when our births and our deaths essentially are the same and our population is higher here. This is also where countries might start to implement pro-natalist policies. This is where we'll start to see people actually want to come into from through international migration into a country because of the amount of opportunities that are there. And then there's the stage five. It's kind of the debated one there. This would be where actually our births um

32:19 dip lower than the death rate. So more people start to die um than are being born. And generally it's just because we have become very developed. Our population now we're having less and less kids. That total fertility rate. Anyone remember what the replacement rate is? So like what do we need for a replacement rate? And that would be our TFR. So I'll put it on the screen just a second. In five would be where you are below for sure your replacement rate. All right. I got a bunch of people saying it. Yes. 2.1 2.1 the TFR 2.1 2.1. Yes. If you are um below 2.1 you are then shrinking. So you are decreasing. Countries like the United States for example have been below 2.1 uh for quite some time now. So um now the US we have migration. So again that isn't factoring

33:05 in migration. So migration can make up for that um for growth and all of that stuff there. Cool. All right. Going on to our next thing. We are going into the epidemiologic transition model. Um I'm going to leave it on the screen. I'll move my box because there's kind of a lot here. This connects into that demographic transition model. Um the demographic transition model is looking at births. It's looking at deaths. Um, it's also looking at that economic development epidemiologic transition model. We're just talking about death, despair, and all that fun stuff. So, stage one, right away, we're pretty much dying to anything. Um, this is where you're starting to see um animal attacks, famine, parasitic diseases, all of these things that are killing off populations. Eventually, stage two, we

33:52 start to see uh receding pandemics. So, we can see society sees a decrease in the amount of these major diseases. we start to see improved sanitation, more nutritious foods. This is now where you're starting to see impacts of the medical revolution. We're starting to get more urbanization during this stage. So again, this kind of connects in with that demographic transition model. Eventually then from here we go into stage three, which is where we see degenerative diseases. People are starting to live longer, which is allowing them to now die actually from human created diseases. We're starting to see things like cancer rates go up, heart disease, strokes, Alzheimer's disease, all of these different things. Um, that's because we're now living so long. The body is starting to kind of um decay. In case you didn't know, spoiler

34:37 alert, uh, we we all die. So, hate to be the bearer of bad news there. Um, but as we progress and one of the things we've seen in the world today, like cancer rates across the world are not the same for every country. And that's because life expectancy is different. Now, there's also other factors that impact it, but some countries actually have a really low cancer rate um because people aren't necessarily living that long. Now, eventually, we can get into stage four. This is where we start to kind of fight or push back or try to stop degenerative diseases. We're trying to increase our life expectancy even more. This is where people start eating healthier. They are going to exercise more. They're going to stop stop consuming as much tobacco and alcohol. They start to realize, oh, I need to take care of my body. Uh we're now trying to also cure cancer during this

35:23 stage. We're trying to do a variety of things. We have advanced surgeries that can help with um health and continue people to live longer and happier lives. Um ironically too during this stage, countries that are now in like stage four, that demographic transition model because of some of this economic development and um prosperity also might have more sedentary lifestyles because now they don't have to get out as much. Um they don't have to worry about as food. They can just constantly order out. And so we can also see the reverse happen a little bit there as well. All right. Uh for stage five, here we have stage five. This is a reemergence of infectious diseases from four to five. There's a variety of things um that can cause it. So these would be some possible causes.

36:08 Disease the evolution. So like in my class we looked at superbugs. You don't have to necessarily know about superbugs. Essentially, it' be like a penicellin no longer works because um superbugs. This is a terrible example or not a terrible example, a terrible explanation of it, but essentially we see resistance to antibiotics, which then is due to disease mutation. So, that could be a cause of a stage five. Uh increased poverty and urbanization is one that students generally get a little tripped up on because they're like, "Okay, well, why would that cause it?" And generally it's because if we have high areas of poverty um and we have urbanization if we have the two connected even uh you have a lot of people densely packed together that means if you have a lot of poverty probably not the best access to

36:54 medications or health care services and so it makes it easy for things to spread um in those more dense environments. Um unfortunately like prisons for example often get pretty bad outbreaks of a variety of things like TB for example um due to the lack of funding in healthcare resources for prisoners and the close proximity there. The other thing would be globalization as people travel they could spread disease. So essentially during this stage we're seeing parasitic diseases infectious diseases they become more prevalent again. Uh COVID a lot of people think of here when they're thinking of stage five. Um so hopefully that helps there. Um, someone was asking, I just saw in the chat about sedentary. Yes, Anna was. Uh, sedentary lifestyle would be you're just staying in one spot. You're not moving. Like right now, I'm sedentary. I'm just

37:40 sitting down. Um, eventually when we started farming, we had nomadic hurting, which we'll talk more about um nomads and stuff in unit five, but you're moving around sedentary. We're no longer moving. We're staying in one spot. Cool. All right. We are getting down to the second half of this unit. I'm going to speed it up a little bit. Just I want to be conscious of your time. Um hopefully this is going well for you. Um cool. Couple people are saying this is fun. Who's in stage one? No countries are in stage one. Yes. Uh all righty. Next up is Malthus. So we have Malthus. So Mus is interesting. Big thing to remember Mouthus. Honestly, the easiest way when you're thinking of Neo Malthusians and Malthus, just think of Endgame um and

38:26 Thanos, like that whole movie is just Malthus. That's the whole plot. When I for my class, we always do a day where I try to convince the class that like Thanos was actually the good guy. The Avengers were the villains. Um and I have a whole lesson. We have Gamora pops up and stuff. And really, I'm just teaching Mouthus and his ideas because Mus thought that, hey, our population is growing at an exponential rate. We can see right here this line it's just shooting straight up. It's exponential. This doubling time we're just doubling and doubling doubling. But our food production is arithmetic. Realize exponential. We're talking about this. This is what we're looking at right here. This giant jump up. Arithmetic is just consistent. Now he thought eventually we would hit this point of this Malthusian catastrophe where all of a sudden now we don't have enough food

39:13 for the people and we would start to see society crumble. War would break out. all these horrible things would happen. So Malthus is like something has to happen. We have to step in and stop this from occurring. Now today we have people who are Neo Malthusians which are essentially more of an updated thing. They're saying like hey it's not just the food, it's also resources in general. Like they would look maybe at climate change today and say look at the earth can only support so many people. And we're starting to see the impact of this as we've exceeded carrying capacities. Now all of a sudden we're seeing shortages and famine and we're seeing instability broken out across the world and more refugee crisises all because we're exceeding that carrying capacity. So for Mus remember Mouthus remember the neoalthusians also to

39:59 remember some of the critiques of it. I mean Mouthus if we look back and connect to that demographic transition model I mean he he was wrong but as Malthus created his idea it was in stage two of that demographic transition model. We know as demographic transition model, as we progress through it, you go into three and four and five, that birth rate starts to decrease. We start to level out. So this exponential growth doesn't happen. It plateaus eventually. Now the question is when does it plateau for the earth? We'll have to see there. The other thing you didn't take into account is like the agricultural revolutions, the concepts that we'll talk about later in unit five. So the fact that our food production is not arithmetic. We are able to produce a lot of food now and we can produce food now even without soil like we have hydroponics. We have

40:45 vertical farming. We have found very creative ways and this connects if we want to back to unit one into environmental possibilism when we're talking about environmental determinism and possibilism environmental possibilism or possibilism. We are able to produce food. We're able to have human agency. We can impact our environment. We are not constrained by it. Um, there's limits that it can put, but we are also able to overcome many of those limits. All right, let's go into our next part. Government policy. I realize I haven't engaged much with the chat. I'm just trying to make sure this part is very focused on helping you learn and review stuff. I'll look more in the chat when we get to the cahoot. So, I appreciate it. Hopefully, this is all going well for you. All right. Government policy. Realize not only can it impact um birth rates, we'll talk in a second. immigration, it can do that as

41:31 well. But we have pro-natalist and anti-natalist policies. Make sure you don't mix these up. They're not too complicated. Pro means yes, I want to have more babies. Anti I'm against. They're trying to reduce the amount of children there. Um the one child policy with China often gets looked at as an example of the antiatalist policies. Realize, however, that has also changed over time. China because it was so effective has continuously modified it um to try and account because China's population has actually started to decrease. Uh India for example now I believe has the the highest population uh in the world. China's kind of started to see a decrease there and that's some of the impact of the one child policy and anti-natalist policy there. So they've kind of reversed some of it to try and change that trend although now culturally they have that as kind of um

42:17 part of the culture and so it's it's harder for them to reverse it. Pronatalist. There's a ton of examples online um that you could look for, but really it's incentivizing people to have more kids. Um some countries offer tax incentives to larger families or they'll give you a child tax credit or some countries will pay actually for daycare or they'll pay for preschool or they'll give you certain amount of baby supplies. All those would be pronatalist. You're trying to reduce the economic burden. You're trying to promote more people to have kids. You can also use propaganda as well for that as well. It's not all just economic. Uh, another way that government can influence the country's growth rate is through immigration policies. One thing they could do is set a quota. This is a limit. So, a quota would be limiting the

43:03 amount of immigrants that can come into a country. Um, some countries have very strict immigration policies, others are a little bit more loose. Um, all countries have versions of immigration quotas or immigration policies and each are different based on the culture and different things there. You don't have to worry about all of the different um immigration laws. Just realize that if you see immigration quota, that's a limit. It's a restriction and understand how the government can impact birth rates or the population demographics, the composition of a society besides just pro-atalist and anti-natalist policies. uh some people referencing Japan. Jeep Japan has very strict immigration policies and that's one of the reasons why Japan is actually decreasing um so much for their population. If you look at their

43:48 pyramid, it's very topheavy. Um and because they're very strict immigration policies, uh they have seen a significant decrease. I mean, there's cities in Japan u where they've closed their last um elementary schools and stuff because there's just no more kids in the area. All right. Um, next part here, women's role in society. This is part of the unit you want to have an idea of. One thing to remember, as a society evolves economically. So, as they continue to move down that demographic transition model, women start to have more and more opportunities. that pushes back the average time that people start having kids that they get married which then because women can only have kids for so long will reduce the amount of actually I'll reduce the TFR the average amount of children that women will have um and

44:36 also too like as more people move into cities as they participate more they might decide they don't want to have kids so understand women's roles in society understand two and we'll connect more into unit seven when we look at like the GI or the HDI these are different indicators that look at like um gender equality or gender parity. When we're looking at disparities and inequalities in society, um a lot of times what we see is societies that are less economically developed, women have less opportunities. They might not be able to own land. They're more likely in the primary sector or informal economy. However, as we start to see more and more advancements happen in society, women start to participate more in the formal economy. They start to get other jobs as well in the tertiary, quatinary, and quinary sectors. Um, and the secondary as well. Um, real quick too

45:23 for informal and formal economy really all that is it's looking at like regulations. The formal economy would be like a job like a teacher is part of the formal economy. It's regulated by the government. I'm paying taxes. It's all set. Informal economy would be something that's like off the record. Um, formal economy you have more protection, more benefits. Informal economy, you don't. So, that'd be the difference there. I saw a couple people mention that in the chat as I was talking about it. All right, moving on. We have Raven's laws of migration. Um, this also can connect into women as well. I'll make it a little bit larger. You can see some of the the AI art there as we go through this. Um, I would not spend too much time like painstakingly trying to memorize every single one of the laws of

46:08 migration. I mean, realize that like one of the things here, the big one is like u economics is the number one reason why people migrate. We also most migrants travel a short distance. Migrants who travel larger distances generally are going to urban areas. That'll connect into like the gravity model. We'll talk about that in just a minute. Families are less likely to migrate across borders. Every migration stream creates a counter stream. That is one that I want to highlight a little bit. It's kind of a weird thing to think, but if you go and migrate to a place, that counterream would be then someone like coming back. There's like interactions that happen. So, for example, um, and it's not even just like you're permanently immigrating or immigrating. Could just be a temporary migration. So, like I go down to like Florida. We

46:53 talked about Disney yesterday, so I'm just going to bring up again. I go to Florida. I'm visiting Disney there. I'm talking to maybe different people there. I'm They start hearing about Minnesota. I talk about like the Mayo Clinic or the Mall of America. Someone there eventually is like, "Oh, that sounds interesting." Eventually, they come and visit Minnesota. Like, we have this stream of connection. Even if I'm buying goods and stuff, if I'm buying something, I'm sending money, ideas, vice versa. Right here, I'm from Minnesota and all of you are all over the place. So, we have the diffusion of ideas that is happening right now, which is awesome. This would be an example of time space compression. Uh the world's getting shrinker, shrinking, shrinking. Distance decay is not as prevalent anymore there. Uh cool. So, couple things. A couple people are like, "Oh, I'm coming to Minnesota." That is cool.

47:40 Welcome to an awesome state. Um, we'll talk more about unit 3 and that stuff later on too. So, some people are now asking about diffusion and the types of diffusion. We will go into those in a little bit when we go into unit 3 tomorrow. I'm going to try to keep the streams focused mainly on each the unit that it is. Um, cool. All right. One thing with Ravenstein, realize some of the stuff has shifted. So, like you could get like an explain the degree in which Ravenstein's laws of migration apply to society today. uh realize some things have shifted like women are able to travel farther distances now because they have more access to capital money um because as we've seen economic development go they've gotten more opportunities where traditionally it used to be just men um step migration is another one I forgot to mention here with Ravenstein that step migration um

48:26 is a lot of migrants are mainly going through that process and that's like we're traveling in series of steps um maybe we're starting in a smaller town we eventually get enough money where we can go to the larger city near us then we work we get more money then eventually we go to another place and our end goal is another um like a city in the United States or something so we have this progression that's happening there um with Ravenstein all right we are going to look at one concept that I just mentioned it's the gravity model this comes up later in the unit as well um sorry I mean later in the course with unit six realize with the gravity model we're looking at these kind of pushand pull factors which we're going to talk about with migration um but the larger the city here The larger the area, the more we start to see opportunities,

49:11 there's more jobs, there's more social things, there's a variety of stuff. And so, more people will be drawn to it. You don't have to worry about there is a formula to like calculate it out. You don't have to worry about doing the math here. Just realize the idea behind this model. Um, and it's again connecting into Raven as well. So, if we have different sizes of cities, the larger one is going to motivate more people to go there. Like New York City, more people in this chat are more likely to go to New York City uh than where I live in Minnesota, just because there's a lot more opportunities. There's a lot more things to do there than where I live. And so, there's a a greater pull factor. Even if maybe you live geographically a little bit closer to me, you are probably going to go there. All right, going on to push and pull factors. I

49:57 just mentioned them. Nothing crazy here. Pull factors. Remember, these are positive situations, conditions, events. These are things that motivate someone to come to an area they want to go there. One thing to note about pull and push factors is they're different for everyone. So, perfect example, I live in Minnesota and I enjoy living in Minnesota. I don't mind that in the winter we can get down below -30 or that we'll get a couple feet of snow um within a couple of days. I don't mind that at all. So, that's not a push factor for me. For other people, that's a big push factor. Um, I worked at the Mall of America for a while. Um, and we when the Super Bowl was here, it was always interesting. A lot of the people that came like different celebrities and people we walking through that was a big complaint they had. They liked the mall, they liked Minnesota, but they were like, "Oh my gosh, it's way too cold

50:43 here." Uh, they couldn't handle it. We're like, "Actually, it's actually kind of warm right now." Uh, push factors on the other hand would be the opposite. Uh, push factors, negative situations, things that are going to push people away. And this could be for a variety of different reasons. Again, just realize that these things can change. Um, some people were saying about the AI. Yes, these are AI. This was what did I do at the Mall of America. Um, I had a variety of jobs throughout my life. I started as a ride operator at Nickelodeon Universe and eventually then became like a team lead, a floor manager. Um, so I actually know how to run and operate all the rides there. Uh, it was a really fun job. So, I really enjoyed it. The people there were awesome. All right, back to some vocab here. Um, definitely don't mix up immigration and immigration. So, these are the topics that you want to make

51:29 sure that you're focusing on and you don't want to mix them up. Immigration, you are leaving. Think E for exit. When an individual enters a country, it's immigration. Think I for in. So, immigrate, E for exit, immigrate, I for in. So, don't um mix those up. You need to have those down. Um, those will get used on your test. I'm not saying you're going to get a question that's going to say what's the difference, but you probably will see these used interchangeably um within like uh the answer. So you'll see like if a question's focusing on immigration, it might have one answer connecting to immigration, another for immigration. And that's actually something College Board does on occasion. They will put similar vocab words together. Like if they know a lot of students mix up assimilation and acculturation. So

52:16 they'll actually have a question then that has an answer for both of those. They're not trying to trick you. They're trying to see, do you actually know what it is? Like, do you know the difference between intra um intra regional and intra regional migration or intervening obstacle and intervening opportunity. Those are similar words that students can mix up. And this is why it's really important to always go slow when you're taking the test. And underline and highlight. I realize it's digital this year. You can do that on the digital exam. You see one of those words, highlight it so that way you don't miss it. So many students always when they look back at their test, they're like, "Ah, shoot. I messed up. I thought it was inter, it was intra." And that's because you were speed reading. So slow down on your test. All right, let's go over actually what those mean. So one, I mentioned intervening obstacles and intervening opportunities. Remember, a

53:04 lot of people are like, "What's the difference? What's the difference?" Got it right here. Um, so intervening obstacles, negative situations that hinder migration from occurring. So essentially something negative has stopped. Maybe it's an immigration quota. Maybe we have something um that's governmentwise stopping them from going or they they ran out of money. That could be something too. Intervene opportunity would be something that happens that's positive that stops the migrant. Maybe as they're migrating all of a sudden they come and they start to see like oh there's a job opportunity here. This is awesome. I'm going to actually just stay here because of this job opportunity. So that positive thing stops the migration. The other ones I mentioned were inter and intra. This is the only difference between these two spelling wise and this is why it is really easy to um mess up. So make sure

53:53 that you spend some time when you're reading to make sure you don't mess these up. Inter regional migration is from one region of a country to another. Intra regional migration occurs within one region. So definitely don't mix those up. Here when we're also talking about internal migration, we're looking inside a country's boundary. So this would be the difference between these two terms. Make sure you have an idea of that. All right, we're almost done with the review here. So, when we're starting to see this, uh, force migration, voluntary migration are the two types that you need to be familiar with. Human trafficking, forced child labor, child soldier, slavery. These are in the CED. I want to focus more though on refugees and asylum seekers. Um, don't mix these things up. Also, don't mix up refugee with internally displaced person. I'll

54:38 talk about that term in just a second. So remember, a refugee is someone they have been forced to actually cross an international boundary and that's because they're escaping persecution, war, a natural disaster. They have to cross that boundary because they're fleeing for their life. So that would be a refugee. An asylum seeker is someone who is now seeking protection. They're trying to get access into a country um to actually be able um to have asylum. They want protection from their government, protection from that natural disaster, protection from a war. So they're trying to apply for asylum in the country. Now with refugees, again, remember they cross that international boundary. An internally displaced person or IDP does not cross an international boundary. So they might still be fleeing

55:25 from their home due to natural disaster, due to war, due to government persecution, violations of human rights, but they're still within that state. So, for example, um the Syrian civil war or the Ukraine Russian war. We have a lot of Ukrainians that have fled. If they haven't left the boundary of Ukraine, they're still within the country. They'd be an internally displaced person. Now, if they fled and they were like in Poland now, then they could be a refugee. They've crossed an international boundary. So, that is the difference between those two terms. Um make sure you don't mix that up. A lot of times students will mix that up on the test. So, hopefully that helps you out there. All right. Uh, next up is voluntary migration. This has been going on for a while. Um, so I'm go through a little bit quicker here. So I'm going to make sure that you can see everything

56:10 too. Um, there's a bunch of different types you need to be familiar with. One, transnational. Realize we have a migrant that's immigrating. E for exit from their home country. Then they're going into, so it's an immigrant into a new country. And generally we see these immigrants remain connected to their original country. They also oftentimes will migrate to a spot um that has similar cultural characteristics. Transhumans is the next type. This is the one that's a little bit different. It also deals with livestock and it's a cyclical migration. So we have this seasonal movement. Um you can see going between the lowlands and the highlands. Um generally we're moving with agricult or we're moving with livestock, sorry. Um, so we're moving with livestock to be able uh to better understand uh kind of where our animals need to eat based on

56:57 the season and what's available. Chain migration, another voluntary one you want to be familiar with. This is a legal immigrant. They have come into the country. They have now become a naturalized citizen and they sponsor a family member to immigrate into the country. Um, this is part of family reunification. Uh, realize you don't have to know all the the law with chain migration. There's actually a lot of kind of complexity with it. Um, but it's not like an immigrant can come in, they become a citizen and immediately can start bringing people over. Um, it's actually a lengthy process. There's a variety of different steps to it. Um, but countries have this because it's more beneficial for a country to actually keep families together. You're more productive. You're happier. Um, and you're a more engaged citizen. Step migration. This is one of the ones that Ravenstein noted was one of the most common. This is where we have migration

57:43 happening in stages. Generally, it might be because you don't have enough money to get to that final destination right away. And so, you slowly kind of go in this process. Guest workers, individuals here, this is a temporary legal status

…